Vol 30 No 1

Asian

Journal of Physics

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Volume 30 No 1 January 2021

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A Special Issue Dedicated
to
Prof Mahendra Singh Sodha

Guest Edited By : B P Pal & R S Sirohi

Anita Publications
FF-43, 1st Floor, Mangal Bazar, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110 092, India

Prof Mahendra Singh Sodha popularly known as Prof M S Sodha has a distinguished record of achievements in the fields of educational management, scientific research, industrial consultancy and teaching; he has the distinction of serving three universities viz. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore (MP), Lucknow University Lucknow(UP) and Barkatullah University Bhopal (MP) as Vice-Chancellor. He has also worked as Director of two self-financed engineering/management institutes (in India). Prof M S Sodha has also served Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) in various capacities, including Professor, Head of Department, Dean Post Graduate Studies and Deputy Director; he was also a Member of the Board of Governors for a term.

Besides extensive research at national and international levels and teaching at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, Prof Sodha has worked as Chief of Space Physics at Republic Aviation Corporation, New York, USA; Senior Physicist at Armour Research Foundation, Chicago, USA and Visiting Scientist at the Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden Colorado, USA and Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research, Kuwait. He has also worked as Chief Technical Advisor with the World Bank/Cyprus Government and as a full-time consultant with UNESCO on Energy Planning and Conservation. He has also been a consultant to UNDP, Swedish Industrial Development Agency, Planning Commission and Solar Research Institute, USA. Prof Sodha has served the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada as a PDF, Visiting Professor at Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA and Senior Research Associate at NASA, Hampton, Va, USA.
He is a recipient of several prestigious awards like S S Bhatnagar Award given by CSIR (India) for Physical Sciences in 1974, Pioneer in Renewable Energy award by World Renewable Energy Network and UNESCO in 2002 and Dr K S Rao Memorial national award for lifetime achievement in renewable energy by SESI in 2004. He is one of the two first recipients of Saraswati Samman conferred by the U P Government. Besides being a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi and the National Academy of Sciences (NASI) India, Allahabad, he has been President of the Optical Society of India, President of Plasma Society of India and Vice-President of Energy Society.
Prof M S Sodha is credited with having guided 75 candidates upto successful completion of their Ph D programme. In addition, he has authored/edited 15 books which were published by internationally reputed publishers like Plenum, Pergamon, Springer, John Wiley, etc. Most recent one was Kinetics of Complex Plasmas (Springer series in Atomic, Optical and Plasma Physics, 2014). He has also published over 625 research papers including 14 reviews in international journals/monographs/books of repute. He is credited of having coined the term colloidal plasma for a special type of plasma. In addition, he has published 30 articles on different aspects of higher education.
The honor of Padmashri was conferred on Prof Sodha by President of India in 2003. He has been Chief Guest at the Convocation ceremonies of Agra University and Kanpur University, India.
As a visionary, he has been extremely quick in identifying/realizing the importance of an emerging field and would either pursue the same or motivate a close and younger colleague to pursue the same. That is how research on guided wave optics for optical communication and Biophotonics had begun at IIT Delhi almost from its nascent days in early to mid-1970s. He was quick to realize the importance of introducing research in non-conventional energy when the oil crisis began in 1973 and took significant initiative for the establishment of the Center of Energy Studies at IIT Delhi in 1976 as a national center.

Bishnu P Pal is currently Professor of Physics and Dean of Academics at Ecole Centrale School of Engineering, Mahindra University at Hyderabad India (www.mechyd.ac.in). Before joining this newly established college of Engineering in collaboration with Ecole Centrale Paris of France in 2014, he was a Professor of Physics for over 24 years (and as a Physics faculty member for about 34 years) at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, where he served as the Chairperson of the Physics Department (September 2008-December 2011) and also the Computer Services Center (September 2002-August 2005). He was deeply involved in introducing and developing the most sought-after interdisciplinary M Tech program on Optoelectronics and Optical Communication in 1980 at IIT Delhi.

One of his research papers published in 1980 in Electronics Letters was reprinted in the IEE book “Progress in Optical Communication Vol II” edited by P J B Clarricoats and two of his authored/co-authored chapters from his edited book “Guided Wave Optical Components and Devices - Basics, Technology and Applications” (Academic Press, 2006) were reprinted in the book “The Optical Communications reference” (eds DeCusatis and Kaminow, Elsevier, 2010). He has edited 4 books published by Elsevier/Academic Press, John Wiley, Intech, Viva publishers. He has also contributed over 15 chapters – all by invitation in various books. Prof Pal has extensively contributed to sponsored research and industrial consultancy and especially several international collaborative research projects that involved UK, USA, Russia, and France. His current areas of research is guided wave optics and meta materials that broadly cover application-specific specialty optical fibers like dispersion tailored fibers, fibers for gain flattened fiber amplifiers, large mode area fibers and fibers for DWDM transmission, all-fiber components and devices with focus on design, technology, and characterization including gain flattening filters for optical fiber amplifiers, fused fiber couplers, and wavelength interleavers as branching components for optical communication networks, designs of new generation microstructured optical fibers for supercontinuum light, dispersion compensation, metro optical networks, mid-infrared photonics, THz photonics, optical fiber sensors, guided wave components based on silicon photonics, and Anderson type localization of light in a disordered optical waveguide lattice.
Prof Pal has worked as a guest scientist at ELAB at the then NTH Trondheim (now Norwegian University of Science and Technology) in Norway as NTNF (Royal Norwegian CSIR) Fellow, CNRS laboratory LPMC at University of Nice in France as Senior Foreign Scientist of CNRS for various periods, NIST Boulder Colorado in USA as a Fulbright Scholar, Heriot Watt University Edinburgh in UK as an Erasmus Mundus Scholar in Photonics, City U Hong Kong and University of Malaya at Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia as Visiting Professor for various periods, and at Fraunhofer Institute fur Physikalische Messtechnik in Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. He has been a founding member of Int J Optoelectron (Taylor & Francis) and is currently a Member of the Editorial Advisory Boards of the journals: IEEE Photonics J (as Associate Editor), J Opt Comm (Germany), J Elect Engg & Tech (Korea), Optoelectron Letts (Springer), J Korean Opt Soc (Korea), Photonic Sensors (Springer), Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications (Taylor & Francis) and Kiran of the Indian Laser Society.
He has published and reported over 225 research papers and research reviews in peer reviewed international journals and conferences, over 55 plenary/invited talks at international conferences and has co-authored one each Indian and US patent. His Google Scholar h-index is 23 and i10 index is 62. Prof Pal is a Fellow of OSA The Optical Society (USA) and SPIE (USA), Honorary Foreign Member of the Royal Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DKNVS, Norway), Distinguished Fellow of Optical Society of India (OSI) and Fellow of IETE (India), Senior Member of IEEE (USA). He is a recipient of the prestigious Esther Hoffman Beller Medal of OSA The Optical Society (USA) for the centennial year 2016 of OSA, co-recipient of the First Fiber Optic Person of the Year award in 1997 instituted by Lucent Technology in India, Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE Photonics Society (formerly LEOS) USA for 2005-2007 during which he had extensively travelled and lectured around the world on his research, recipient of the Homi Bhabha Award of UGC (India) for excellence in Applied Sciences for 2006, OSI (India) LifeTime Achievement award (2010), Prof Y T Thathachari Prestigious Research Award in Physical Science of Bhramara Trust Mysore for 2010, CEOT 2010 award of IETE (India), Om Prakash Bhasin National award for Electronics and Information Technology 2013, and Khosla National Research Award 2014 of IIT Roorkee for lifetime achievements in India. Prof Pal was a Member of the Board of Directors (2009-2011) of OSA The Optical Society (USA), and President of the Optical Society of India from 2012 till 2015.

Rajpal S Sirohi is currently serving in the Physics Department, Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, Alabama USA. Prior to this (2013-2016), he was the Chair Professor, Physics Department, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India. He was Distinguished Scholar (2011-2013) in the Department of Physics and Optical Engineering, Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA. During 2000-2011, he had been deeply engaged in academic administration and research as Director, IIT Delhi (Dec. 2000-April 2005); Vice-Chancellor, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (April 2005-Sept. 2007); Vice-Chancellor, Shobhit University, Meerut (Oct. 2007-March 2008); Vice-Chancellor, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur (March 2008-Oct. 2009) and Vice-Chancellor, Invertis University, Bareilly (Jan 2011-Oct. 2011).

He was also Visitor to Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (June 2012- June 2013). Prof Sirohi did his Masters in Physics in 1964 from Agra University, and Post M Sc in Applied Optics and Ph D in Physics both from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi in 1965 and 1970, respectively. Prof Sirohi was Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at Indian Institute of Technology Madras during 1971-1979. He became Professor in the Physics Department of the same Institute in 1979. He superannuated in April 2005 from IIT Delhi.
Prof Sirohi worked in Germany as a Humboldt Fellow at PTB, Braunschweig, and as a Humboldt Awardee at Oldenburg University. He was a Senior Research Associate at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and Associate Professor, and Distinguished Scholar at Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana. He was ICTP (International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy) Consultant to Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Malaysia and ICTP Visiting Scientist to the University of Namibia. He was Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Prof Sirohi is Fellow of several important academies/ societies in India and abroad including the Indian National Academy of Engineering; National Academy of Sciences India; Optical Society of America; Optical Society of India; SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering); Instrument Society of India and honorary fellow of ISTE and Metrology Society of India. He is member of several other scientific societies, and founding member of India Laser Association. Prof Sirohi was also the Chair for SPIE-INDIA Chapter, which he established with co-operation from SPIE in 1995 at IIT Madras. He was invited as JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Fellow and JITA Fellow to Japan. He was a member of the Education Committee of SPIE.
Prof Sirohi has received the following awards from various organizations:
Humboldt Research Award (1995) by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany; Galileo Galilei Award of International Commission for Optics (1995); Amita De Memorial Award of the Optical Society of India (1998); 13th Khwarizmi International Award, IROST (Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology (2000); Albert Einstein Silver Medal, UNESCO (2000); Dr YT Thathachari Prestigious Award for Science by Thathachari Foundation, Mysore (2001); Pt Jawaharlal Nehru Award in Engineering & Technology for 2000 (awarded in 2002) by MP Council of Science and Technology; NRDC Technology Invention Award on May 11, 2003; Sir CV Raman Award: Physical Sciences for 2002 by UGC (University Grants Commission); Padma Shri, a national Civilian Award (2004); Sir CV Raman Birth Centenary Award (2005) by Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata; Holo-Knight (2005), inducted into Order of Holo- Knights during the International Conference-Fringe 05-held at Stuttgart, Germany; Centenarian Seva Ratna Award (2004) by The Centenarian Trust, Chennai; Instrument Society of India Award (2007); Gabor Award (2009) by SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering) USA; UGC National Hari OM Ashram Trust Award - Homi J Bhabha Award for Applied Sciences (2005) by UGC; Distinguished Alumni Award (2013) by Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Vikram Award 2014 by SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering) USA.
Prof Sirohi was the President of the Optical Society of India during 1994-1996. He was also the President of Instrument Society of India for three terms (2003-06, 2007-09, 2010-12). He was on the International Advisory Board of the Journal of Modern Optics, UK and on the editorial Boards of the Journal of Optics (India), Optik, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics. He was Guest Editor to the Journals “Optics and Lasers in Engineering” and “Optical Engineering”. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal “Optical Engineering”, USA during (1999-Aug. 2013), and currently is its Senior Editor. He is the Series Editor of the Series on ‘Advances in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics’ published by Institute of Physics Publishing, UK. He is also on the Editorial Board of Asian Journal of Physics.
Prof Sirohi has 460 papers to his credit with 248 published in national and international journals, 67 papers in Proceedings of the conferences and 145 presented in conferences. He has authored/co-authored/edited thirteen books including five milestones for SPIE. He was Principal Coordinator for 26 projects sponsored by Government Funding Agencies and Industries, has supervised 25 Ph D theses, 7 M S theses and numerous B Tech, M Sc and MTech theses.
Prof Sirohi’s research areas are Optical Metrology, Optical Instrumentation, Laser Instrumentation, Holography and Speckle Phenomenon.

Dispersion management & chirped pulse amplification: A Tutorial

Ajoy Ghatak 1

Boundary diffraction wave and its applications
Sugeet Sunder and Anurag Sharma 11

Spectral response of a short optical pulse in a dispersion oscillating specialty fiber with higher order nonlinearities
Piyali Biswas, Somnath Ghosh and Bishnu P Pal 21

Resolving power of optical instruments: A Tutorial
Rajpal Sirohi 31

Holo-shear lens based interferometer for investigating temperature profile of macro, and micro diffusion flames, and study of magnetic field
induced promotion of combustion in micro flame
V Kumar and C Shakher 45

Parity-time symmetry in photonics with the emphasis to semiconductor quantum wells
S Konar 63

Security-enhanced cryptosystem in fractional Hartley domain using double random phase encoding with nonlinear mask
Phool Singh, A K Yadav, Sanjay Yadav and Kehar Singh 79

Boundary diffraction wave and its applications
Raj Kumar and A K Aggarwal

Self-generated magnetic field due to a circularly polarized laser in a plasma
C S Liu, V K Tripathi, X Shao and T C Liu

A compact ECR plasma source developed at IIT Delhi – Physics and Applications
A Ganguli, R D Tarey, R Narayanan, Anshu Verma, D Sahu and Navneet Arora

Solitons and rogue waves for Kadomstev-Petviashvili equation in superthermal dusty plasma with polarization force
Parveen Bala and Tarsem Singh Gill

Ion acceleration and high frequency radiation from the interaction of intense laser with thin solid plasma foil in radiation pressure dominant regime
K P Maheshwari, K K Soni, N K Jaiman and Shalu Jain

Nonlinear propagation parameters of ionosphere for E.M. waves of moderate irradiance
Sujeet Kumar Agarwal and Amrit Dixit

Photo-induced thermionic emission from CNT cluster array: Edge effect
S K Mishra and Shikha Misra

3D-Kinetic Alfvén Wave Turbulence and Formation of Localized Structures in the Magnetopause Region
Moti Lal Rinawa, Prashant Chauhan, N Yadav and R P Sharma

Performance of active solar heating of outdoor swimming pool: A constant collection temperature mode
A K Singh and G NTiwari

Optimization of irreversible heat engine cycles using finite speed thermodynamics
S K Tyagi, S S Bhatti and S C Kaushik

ICT and Educational Management
Yajulu Medury

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 01-10

Dispersion management & chirped pulse amplification: A Tutorial

Ajoy Ghatak

Meghnad Saha Professor

The National Academy of Sciences India, Prayagraj, India

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

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In this tutorial, paper we will discuss the basic physics of Dispersion Management and Chirped Pulse Amplification (usually abbreviated as CPA). Dispersion Management is a very important design criterion which determines the characteristics of an optical communication system. And in 1985, Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland used CPA to create ultra short high-intensity laser pulses which find extremely important applications in industry. For CPA, Mourou and Strickland received half of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Dispersion Compensation, Chirping, Chirped Pulse Amplification

References

1. Ghatak A, Optics, 7th Edn, (McGraw Hill education (India), New Delhi), 2020.

2. Ramachandran S, (ed), Fiber Based Dispersion Compensation, (Springer Verlag), 2008.

3. Ghatak A, Thyagarajan K, Introduction to Fiber Optics, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), 1998.

4. Strickland D, Mourou G, Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt Commun, 56(1985)219-221.

5. Donna Strickland gives inside story of her Nobel-prize-winning research in Physicsworld; see https://physicsworld.com/a/donna-strickland-gives-inside-story-

of-her-nobel-prize-winning-research/

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 11-19

Numerical modelling and design of photonic lanterns

Sugeet Sunder and Anurag Sharma

Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, India

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

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The objective of this article is a bottom up approach on the numerical modelling and analysis of photonic lanterns. We start with discussing in-house developed methods for modal and propagation analysis of devices having a three-dimensionally varying refractive index profile. Further, we explain a propagation algorithm developed specifically to study the light propagation through adiabatic photonic devices. The algorithm and the modal analysis tools are used to study the dependence of the various structural and optical parameters on the input-output characteristics of photonic lanterns. Further, we also discuss the cross-sectional device optimization for designing mode-selective photonic lanterns. The aim is to optimize the geometrical parameters for enabling the design and fabrication of compact and efficient devices. The article presents a thorough framework for efficient modelling and designing of photonic lanterns and delivery few mode fibers (FMFs) which would be useful to fabricators and experimentalists . © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Photonic Lanterns, Collocation Method, Adiabaticity

References

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Guwahati, India, 2019, pp. 1-3, doi. 10.1109/WRAP47485.2019.9013676.

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 21-29

Spectral response of a short optical pulse in a dispersion oscillating specialty fiber with higher order nonlinearities

Piyali Biswas¹, Somnath Ghosh¹ and Bishnu P Pal²

¹Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India.

²École Central Mahindra University, Department of Physics, Hyderabad 500043, India.

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Generation of a continuum with a stable smooth output pulse maintained in time domain is very attractive for time-resolved measurements. Here, we demonstrate the formation of a 465 nm wide spectrum centered at 2.8 µm accompanied by a temporal smooth parabolic profile by launching a Gaussian pulse of full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) 1.5 ps and peak power 200 W as input to an 8 m long dispersion oscillating chalcogenide glass-based Bragg fiber. The numerical simulation involves the intra-pulse Raman Effect as higher order nonlinear process along with self-phase modulation and longitudinally varying dispersion landscape that involves both anomalous and normal dispersion regimes. The effect of higher order nonlinearity on the evolved pulse spectrum near the zero-crossing of varying dispersion profile has been discussed in detail. The results are compared with that obtained from an all-normal tapered Bragg fiber of same length with identical input pulse parameters, wherein only a spectral widening of 128 nm could be observed at the fiber end with a distorted temporal pulse profile. Such pulse-preserving continuous spectrum should be very useful for time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Mid-IR Photonics, Parabolic pulses, Microstructured optical fibers, Spectral broadening

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 31-43

Resolving power of optical instruments: A Tutorial

Rajpal Sirohi

Alabama A&M University, Huntsville AL 35802

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Optical instruments are used for observation and spectroscopy apart from host of many other applications. Both in observation and spectroscopy it is important to know how closely two objects, or two spectral lines can be resolved by the instruments. There had been a number of criteria of resolution: two most often used are Rayleigh criterion and Sparrow criterion. Rayleigh criterion of resolution has no mathematical support but is often used due to its simplicity. Sparrow criterion gives the lowest limit of resolution. Further in seeing, the nature of illumination of the object has profound effect on the limit of resolution. Rayleigh criterion tacitfully assumes incoherent illumination, while the Sparrow criterion can be applied to incoherent, partially coherent and coherent illuminations. Applicability of Rayleigh criterion can be extended to partially coherent and incoherent illuminations by a simple modification. The paper through the tutorial approach describes the resolution of optical instruments used for seeing and spectroscopy. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Resolution, Telescope, Microscope, Fabry-Perot, Grating, Resolving Power

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 45-62

Holo-shear lens based interferometer for investigating temperature profile
of macro, and micro diffusion flames, and study of magnetic field
induced promotion of combustion in micro flame

V Kumar and C Shakher

Laser Applications and Holography Laboratory, Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber-Physical Systems Engg

Indian Institute of Technology Dehli, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, India.

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In this paper, a holo-shear lens based interferometer is used to measure the temperature profile of macro/normal diffusion flame and micro diffusion flame. It is also investigated, how magnetic field promotes the combustion in micro diffusion flame. Two sheared interferograms, one in absence and another in presence of flame (macro or micro) are captured using CCD camera. The phase gradient data of ambient air without flame and heated air inside the flame are extracted separately using Fourier fringe analysis technique. The phase difference map of heated air of macro/micro flame and ambient air is evaluated by integrating the phase difference gradient data. The phase difference data is used to extract the refractive index difference map and temperature distribution profile inside the flame. The experimentally measured temperature of macro and micro diffusion flames, and the temperature measured by thermocouple are in good agreements. Experimentally, it is also observed that temperature and temperature stability of the micro flame increases in the upward decreasing and uniform magnetic field, while the temperature and temperature stability inside the micro flame decreases in upward increasing magnetic field in comparison to temperature inside the micro flame without the presence of any magnetic field. The advantages of a holo-shear lens based interferometer are that it is simple, light weight, uses less components so easy to implement, less vibration sensitive and it can cover small sized (micro) flame to large sized (macro) flame under investigation. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Holo-shear lens, Shearing interferometer, Magnetic field, Temperature, Micro diffusion flame.

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 63-78

Parity-time symmetry in photonics with the emphasis to semiconductor quantum wells

S Konar

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra-835 215, Ranchi, India

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The development of PT-Symmetry and the phenomena arising out owing to the PT-symmetry in photonics have been described and reviewed. A directional coupler has been utilized to introduce the concept of PT-symmetry. The behaviour of the coupler above and below the symmetry breaking threshold has been explained. Salient features of fascinating phenomena arising out due to the PT-symmetry in atomic and quantum well systems have been highlighted. As an example, the electromagnetically induced transparency has been exploited to establish PT symmetry as well as an electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) in four-level asymmetric triple quantum wells. The domains of PT-symmetry and non-PT symmetry have been identified. The PT-symmetry and EIG could be realized by appropriately varying the value of the probe detuning and the modulation amplitudes of a coupling field and standing wave (SW) pump. Owing to the PT-symmetry, the EIG asymmetrically diffracts the probe beam. The angular switching of the diffracted beam can be achieved either by varying the probe or the coupling and SW pump fields. Intensity distribution of the diffracted beam over higher-order diffraction peaks depends on the interaction length in the quantum well. For small interaction length, most of the energy is distributed near the central diffraction peak. With the increase in the interaction length, energy is gradually transferred to higher order diffraction peaks. These unique phenomena in atomic lattice systems, quantum wells and dots may provide a great platform to design optical devices with enormous potential applications in optical computing, communications and signal processing. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: PT-symmetry, Electromagnetically induced grating, Asymmetric diffraction, Phase and absorption modulations.

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 79-90

Security-enhanced cryptosystem in fractional Hartley domain using
double random phase encoding with nonlinear mask

Phool Singh¹, A K Yadav², Sanjay Yadav³ and Kehar Singh³

¹Department of Mathematics (SOET), Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh- 609602, India

²Department of Mathematics, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram-122413, India

³Department of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Gurugram-122 017, India

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This paper presents a security-enhanced cryptosystem in the fractional Hartley domain using double random phase encoding with a nonlinear mask, for grayscale images. A nonlinear mask is added to an input image that is already bonded with a random phase mask. After that, the usual steps of the double random phase encoding scheme are followed. The decryption process is the same as that of a conventional double random phase encoding scheme, and the nonlinear mask is not required to be transmitted to receivers of ciphertext. Validation of the scheme is done using a grayscale image of ‘Boy’, in computational software MATLAB. The proposed scheme is secure enough to resist various attacks such as noise-, occlusion-, and chosen-plaintext attacks. The sensitivity of the cryptosystem relative to the encryption parameters is also analyzed. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Nonlinear mask, Double random phase encoding, Grayscale images, Secure cryptosystem.

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8. Joshi M, Shakher C, Singh K, Color image encryption and decryption for twin images in fractional Fourier domain. Opt Commun, 281(2008)5713-5720.

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Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 119-135

A compact ECR plasma source developed at IIT Delhi – Physics and Applications

A Ganguli¹, R D Tarey¹, R Narayanan¹, Anshu Verma¹, D Sahu¹ and Navneet Arora²

¹Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Dehli, Delhi-110 016, India

²Department of Physics, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar-144 001, India

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In recent years, there have been intense research and development work on Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) plasma sources owing to the numerous applications of ECR plasmas in various fields. In view of this, a portable Compact ECR Plasma Source (CEPS) has been successfully designed, developed and patented at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. This paper reviews the progress made in the development and application of CEPS in recent years at IIT Delhi. The efficacy of CEPS towards high density plasma (~10¹² cm^–3) production has been established through myriad plasma runs in different sizes of test chambers from small scale laboratory systems to industrial size large area/volume systems. The portability and compactness of CEPS offers greater flexibility for its use in different configurations, like, a single CEPS has been used to fill a small / medium volume plasma systems and multiple CEPS (4-12 sources) were used to fill a large volume plasma system. Unique plasma properties have been observed in these experiments and will be discussed. Recently CEPS is also being exploited for its use as a potential plasma thruster. Preliminary results in this direction have also been discussed. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: ECR plasmas, Plasma sources, Plasma applications.

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 137-150

Solitons and rogue waves for Kadomstev-Petviashvili equation in
superthermal dusty plasma with polarization force

Parveen Bala¹ and Tarsem Singh Gill²

¹Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Physics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.

²Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dusty plasmas in space and astrophysical environment having low density with rare binary collisions are not in thermal equilibrium and exhibit particle distributions with deviations from the Maxwellian. Satellite observations confirm that they (not clear) have particle velocity distributions exhibiting excess of superthermal particles, and described by Kappa velocity distribution. Such distributions are characterized by spectral index κ that represent the high velocity part of the distribution. Typical values of spectral Kappa (κ) observed in space vary from 2 to 8. This research work presents the study of propagation characteristics of dust-acoustic (DA) solitary waves in a dusty plasma system by incorporating the effects of polarization force and superthermal ions. Using the reductive perturbation method, Kadomstev-Petviashvili (K-P) equation is derived for studying nonlinear properties in the given plasma system. The effects of polarization and spectral index κ of ions have been analyzed on the amplitude and soliton energy of DA-waves. Only dip-shaped potential structures are observed due to the presence of negative dust which are significantly modified in the presence of electron density and ion temperature. The study is further extended to derive the nonlinear Schrödinger equation that describes the formation of rogue waves. The rogue wave profile is studied numerically by incorporating the effects of polarization force and other parameters. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Dusty Plasma, Polarization effects, Kappa distribution, K-P equation, Rogue waves.

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30 No 1, 2021, 151-162

Ion acceleration and high frequency radiation from the interaction of intense
laser with thin solid plasma foil in radiation pressure dominant regime

K P Maheshwari, K K Soni, N K Jaiman and Shalu Jain

Department of Pure & Applied Physics University of Kota, Kota-324 005, India.

Dedicated to Professor M S Sodha for his numerous contributions to Plasma Physics, Optics and Photonics, Energy Studies and Education Management

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In the radiation pressure dominant regime, a transversely inhomogeneous laser pulse incident on an ultra-thin solid target leads to transverse expansion of the thin plasma foil. This results in decrease in the number of ions to be accelerated in the forward direction. Consequently, the energy per ion is enhanced. The transverse expansion is also found to affect the relativistic transparency of the foil. Further, we review the case of non-expansion of the plasma foil, in which incident laser pulse interacts with a dense counter-propagating relativistic plasma mirror. The reflected pulse from the plasma foil is compressed in the longitudinal direction becoming more intense and consisting of high harmonics. Its frequency is upshifted by a factor of quadruple times the square of the invariant Lorentz factor due to double Doppler effect. This paper presents analytical and numerical results of the momentum and energy transfer by the incident laser pulse to the ions in the expanding foil. We also present the numerical results of the enhanced frequency and brightness of the reflected radiation from the counter-propagating plasma mirror in case of nonexpanding foil. The reflected wave frequency lies in the X-ray or gamma-ray range. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ion acceleration, Radiation pressure, Intense laser matter interaction, Plasma mirror, Brightness. Chirped Pulse Amplification

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ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS