ap
ap
An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
AJP
SSN : 0971 - 3093
Vol 28, Nos 10-12, October-December, 2019
Asian
Journal of
Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume 28, Nos 10-12, October-December 2019
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A Special Issue Dedicated
to
Prof Kehar Singh
Formerly Professor of Physics at IIT
Delhi
Anita
Publications
FF-43,
1st Floor, Mangal Bazar, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110 092,
India
About Professor Kehar Singh
Professor
Kehar Singh served as a member of the faculty at IIT Delhi since
1965 in various capacities. He was an ‘Academic Visitor’ at
Imperial College of Science & Technology, London during
1969-1970, and visited / carried out research for short periods
at British Scientific and Industrial Research Association
Ealing , Queen’s Univ. Belfast , and National Physical Laboratory
Teddington. He had been a Professor since January 1984 and during
the period 1996-1999 served as Head of Physics Deptt. Prof. Singh
held the position of Dean, Post Graduate Studies and Research, IIT
Delhi during the period of March 2001-Aug. 2003. He served as
CLUSTER Chair at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Lausanne (Switzerland) in Dec. 2002. Until June 30, 2011 he served
as an Emeritus Professor at IIT Delhi where he continued to teach
and carry out research.
Since
2011, he has been an Hony. Distinguished Research Professor at ITM
(now NorthCap) University, Gurgaon (Haryana) where he mentors a
group of faculty members and supervises research in the areas of
Information security and Nanophotonics (Photonic band gap
structures, metamaterials, and plasmonics). Prof. Singh is also
Chairman of the Research Council, IRDE (Defense Research &
Development Organization) Dehradun and a member of the Cluster
Advisory Council for a group of DRDO laboratories. He is a Member
of the Research Council of National Physical Laboratory New Delhi.
Since May 2015, he has been working as an Associate Editor of
Optics Express, a high impact factor journal of the Optical Society
of America (OSA).
Prof.
Kehar Singh has been an active researcher and educator and created
infrastructural facilities for teaching and research in his areas
of specialization: Photonics/Information Optics (Image formation
and evaluation, Dynamic holography, Nonlinear photorefractives,
Optical correlators, Holographic storage, Digital holography,
Singular optics, and Optical cryptography). He has published
extensively, having authored / co-authored nearly 350 peer reviewed
research papers. Besides these there are approx. 75 review articles
in books and journals, and 70 papers in conference proceedings. His
research papers have been cited extensively in the literature; one
of the papers having crossed the number of 960
citations.
Research
publications by Prof. Singh and coworkers during the period
1965-1985 resulted in 11 Ph.D. theses. Since 1986, 20 students have
completed Ph.D. degree under the supervision of Prof. Singh.
Besides these, 75 Master of Technology and M.Sc. students have been
guided in their dissertation work. He had been the backbone of the
M.Tech. program in Applied Optics at IIT Delhi ever since it
started in 1966. This program has produced many scientists who
occupy key positions in India and abroad.
Professor
Kehar Singh was honoured with Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in
Physical Sciences in 1985 by the CSIR, Govt. of India. He has been
awarded in 2001, the Galileo Galilei Award of the International
Commission on Optics. The Optical Society of India honoured him
with the ‘OSI Award’. He was also given ‘Life Time Achievement
Award’ at the OSI symp. held at Tezpur in Dec.2007,and Golden
Jubilee ‘Distinguished Service Award’ of IIT Delhi in
2011.Prof.Singh was also honored in 2011,under the Golden Jubilee
‘Honor the Mentor’ program’ of IIT Delhi.
Prof.Singh
is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, SPIE (The
International Society for Optical Engineering), and Indian National
Academy of Engineering, in addition to being a Fellow of the
Optical Society of India and the Laser & Spectroscopy Society
of India. He was President of the Optical Society of India from
1991 to 1994 and its Vice-President from 1988 to 1991. He also
served as the President of ‘Laser and Spectroscopy Society’ of
India and was President, Indian Science Congress Association
(Physical Sciences Section) in 2004. Prof. Singh had been an
international advisory member of the editorial board of
Optical Review (Japan, 1994-2010 ), Member of the editorial boards
of Optics & Lasers in Engg. (Elsevier, 1999 – 2006). Currently
he serves as an Associate Editor of Optics Express
(2015----todate), Computer Optics (Russia), J. Optics (India, 1974
– to date), Asian J. Phys. (1992 – to date). and Invertis J.
Science and Technol (2007- ). He also served as an editorial board
member of the Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. (CSIR, 1986 –
88).
Prof.
Singh has been serving as a reviewer of research papers for several
journals of repute. He has given approx. 100 invited lectures in
various international and national conferences/seminars/workshops
and has also been associated as member of
organizing/technical/steering committees of several international
and national conferences/seminars/ workshops. He has visited U.K,
France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Canada, USA,
Mexico, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, and Indonesia for
delivering lectures in conferences. He was one of the Directors of
the II Winter College in Optics held at ICTP, Trieste, Italy during
Feb-March, 1995.
Professor
Singh’s research work attracted funding for sponsored research in
the field of Optics and Photonics from a number of Govt. agencies
such as Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Human
Resource Development, and Defense Research and Development
Organization. He has served on many committees of the Govt. of
India (e.g. Environmental Impact Assessment Committee, Ministry of
Environment and Forests) and has been a consultant to some
industries.
As
Technical chair of the International Conference on ‘Optics and
Optoelectronics’ held in Dehradun, India in Dec. 1998, Prof. Singh
co-edited a two volume proceedings of the conference, and SPIE
volume 3729, Selected papers from International Conference on
Optics and Optoelectronics’98 (Silver Jubilee Symposium of the
Optical Society of India). He was Technical co-chair of the
International conference on Optics and Opto-electronics held
in December 2005 at Dehradun, and Co-chair Advisory Committee of
the OSI confer. held in Jan.2012 at IIT Delhi. He was Technical
chair of OSI’s international conference held at GJ Univ.of Science
&Technol. in Hisar, during the period Nov. 23-26, 2017, and
Chair International Advisory Committee of Photonics-2018 held at
IIT Delhi during the period Dec. 12-15,2018. Prof Singh is also the
Technical Chair and Chair International Advisory Committee of the
upcoming International Conference on Optics and Electro-optics to
be held at IRDE Dehradun during the period
Oct.19-22,2019.
Professor
Singh has edited / co-edited 2 special issues on
‘Photorefractives and their applications’ of J. Optics (India), 4
issues on ‘Optical pattern recognition’ and ‘Optical information
security’ of Asian J. Physics, and a book on ‘Perspectives in
Engineering Optics’. A book brought out by IIT Delhi, containing
memoirs of some of the ‘Golden Jubilee Distinguished Award’ winner
retired faculty members of IIT Delhi, has also been edited by Prof.
Singh.
Prof.
Singh has also served as a member/chair of several national
committees of the MHRD, CSIR, ISRO, DRDO, and INAE. Besides having
served as a consultant to some industries/organizations, he has
also been a consultant on security holograms to some state Govts.
in India. He served as a member of the Executive Committee,
National Photonics Program DRDO, and is a member of the National
Advisory Council, NorthCap University Gurgaon. He served as a
member of the Board of Governors of Regional Engineering College.
Kurukshetra and served on the ‘Academic advisory councils’, ‘Board
of Studies’ and ‘Research degree committees’ of several
universities. He also served as an invited Senate member of
National Institute of Technology Agartala
(Tripura).
About
the Guest Editor
Rajpal
S. Sirohi is currently serving in the Physics Department, Alabama
A&M University, Huntsville, Alabama USA. Prior to this
(2013-2016), he was the Chair Professor, Physics Department, Tezpur
University, Tezpur, Assam, India. He was Distinguished Scholar
(2011-2013) in the Department of Physics and Optical Engineering,
Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA.
During 2000-2011, he had been deeply engaged in academic
administration and research as Director, IIT Delhi (Dec. 2000-April
2005); Vice-Chancellor, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (April
2005-Sept. 2007); Vice-Chancellor, Shobhit University, Meerut
(Oct.2007-March 2008); Vice-Chancellor, Amity University Rajasthan,
Jaipur (March 2008-Oct.2009) and Vice-Chancellor, Invertis
University, Bareilly (Jan 2011-Oct.2011).
He was
also Visitor to Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (June
2012- June 2013). Prof. Sirohi did his Masters in Physics in 1964
from Agra University, and Post M.Sc. in Applied Optics and Ph. D.
in Physics both from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi in
1965 and 1970, respectively. Prof. Sirohi was Assistant Professor
in Mechanical Engineering Department at Indian Institute of
Technology Madras during 1971-1979. He became Professor in the
Physics Department of the same Institute in 1979. He superannuated
in April 2005 from IIT Delhi.
Prof. Sirohi worked in Germany as a Humboldt Fellow at PTB,
Braunschweig, and as a Humboldt Awardee at Oldenburg University. He
was a Senior Research Associate at Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio, and Associate Professor, and Distinguished Scholar
at Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana. He
was ICTP (International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste
Italy) Consultant to Institute for Advanced Studies, University of
Malaya, Malaysia and ICTP Visiting Scientist to the University of
Namibia. He was Visiting Professor at the National University of
Singapore and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Prof. Sirohi is Fellow of several important academies/ societies in
India and abroad including the Indian National Academy of
Engineering; National Academy of Sciences India; Optical Society of
America; Optical Society of India; SPIE (The International Society
for Optical Engineering); Instrument Society of India and honorary
fellow of ISTE and Metrology Society of India. He is member of
several other scientific societies, and founding member of India
Laser Association. Prof. Sirohi was also the Chair for SPIE-INDIA
Chapter, which he established with co-operation from SPIE in 1995
at IIT Madras. He was invited as JSPS (Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science) Fellow and JITA Fellow to Japan. He was a
member of the Education Committee of SPIE.
Prof. Sirohi has received the following awards from various
organizations:
Humboldt Research Award (1995) by the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation, Germany; Galileo Galilei Award of International
Commission for Optics (1995); Amita De Memorial Award of the
Optical Society of India (1998); 13th Khwarizmi International
Award, IROST (Iranian Research Organisation for Science and
Technology (2000); Albert Einstein Silver Medal, UNESCO (2000); Dr.
YT Thathachari Prestigious Award for Science by Thathachari
Foundation, Mysore (2001); Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Award in
Engineering & Technology for 2000 (awarded in 2002) by MP
Council of Science and Technology; NRDC Technology Invention Award
on May 11, 2003; Sir CV Raman Award: Physical Sciences for 2002 by
UGC (University Grants Commission); Padma Shri, a national Civilian
Award (2004); Sir CV Raman Birth Centenary Award (2005) by Indian
Science Congress Association, Kolkata; Holo-Knight (2005), inducted
into Order of Holo- Knights during the International
Conference-Fringe 05-held at Stuttgart, Germany; Centenarian Seva
Ratna Award (2004) by The Centenarian Trust, Chennai; Instrument
Society of India Award (2007); Gabor Award (2009) by SPIE (The
International Society for Optical Engineering) USA; UGC National
Hari OM Ashram Trust Award - Homi J. Bhabha Award for Applied
Sciences (2005) by UGC; Distinguished Alumni Award (2013) by Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi; Vikram Award 2014 by SPIE (The
International Society for Optical Engineering) USA.
Prof. Sirohi was the President of the Optical Society of India
during 1994-1996. He was also the President of Instrument Society
of India for three terms (2003-06, 2007-09, 2010-12). He was on the
International Advisory Board of the Journal of Modern Optics, UK
and on the editorial Boards of the Journal of Optics (India),
Optik, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics. He was Guest
Editor to the Journals “Optics and Lasers in Engineering” and
“Optical Engineering”. He was Associate Editor of the International
Journal “Optical Engineering”, USA during (1999-Aug.2013), and
currently is its Senior Editor. He is the Series Editor of the
Series on ‘Advances in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics’
published by Institute of Physics Publishing, UK. He is also on the
Editorial Board of Asian Journal of Physics.
Prof. Sirohi has 456 papers to his credit with 244 published in
national and international journals, 67 papers in Proceedings of
the conferences and 145 presented in conferences.He has
authored/co-authored/edited thirteen books including five
milestones for SPIE. He was Principal Coordinator for 26 projects
sponsored by Government Funding Agencies and Industries, has
supervised 25 Ph.D. theses, 7 M.S. theses and numerous B.Tech.,
M.Sc. and M.Tech. theses.
Prof. Sirohi’s research areas are Optical Metrology, Optical
Instrumentation, Laser Instrumentation, Holography and Speckle
Phenomenon.
Asian Journal of Physics
(A Publication Not for Profit)
Volume 28, Nos 10-12 (2019)
CONTENTS
Editorial
Guest Editorial
About Prof Kehar Singh
About the Guest Editor
Transport of intensity equation for phase imaging: A review
Alok K Gupta and Naveen K Nishchal 777
Performance analysis of an improved target detection technique based on quadratic correlation filters for surveillance applications
Arun Kumar and Unnikrishnan Gopinathan 787
Polarized light in biophotonics: enabling technology towards tissue characterization, diagnosis and imaging
S Chandel, S Saha and N Ghosh 795
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of emotions from image sequences using optical flow magnitude
Shivangi Anthwal and Dinesh Ganotra 813
Optical image encryption using various mathematical transforms and structure phase masks: A review
Anshula and Hukum Singh 825
Speckle-free common-path digital interference phase microscopy using single element interferometers with partially spatially coherent light source
Veena Singh, Shilpa Tayal and Dalip Singh Mehta 857
Generation of Stokes vortices in three, four and six circularly polarized beam interference
Sushanta Kumar Pal, Sarvesh Bansal and P Senthilkumaran 867
Guided wave photonics for light sources, sensors and passive components at mid-IR
Babita Bakshi (nee Kumari), Ajanta Barh, Somnath Ghosh, Ravendra K Varshney and Bishnu P Pal 877
Trends in micro-optics and nanophotonics technology
Amitava Ghosh, Amit K Agarwal and M P Singh 891
Broadband infrared emissivity engineering in optically transparent metamaterials by regulation of electromagnetic resonances
Nitish Kumar Gupta, Harshawardhan Wanare and S Anantha Ramakrishna 899
Degree of polarization of a spectral electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam passing through 2-f and 4-f lens systems
Rajneesh Joshi and Bhaskar Kanseri 907
Role of speckle grains in the information optics
R K Singh 921
Imaging based system for performing total leukocyte count in minute volumes of human blood
Bhargab Das, Swati Bansal, Girish C Mohanta, Sanjit K Debnath, Raj Kumar and Prateek Bhatia 929
Noise sensitivity of the fast two-step fractional fringe detection method in digital holography
Kedar Khare 941
Asymmetric color image encryption mechanism using equal modulus and random decomposition in hybrid transform domain
Pankaj Rakheja, Phool Singh, A K Yadavand Akhil Arora 947
Plasmonic nanowire coupled to zero-dimensional nanostructures: A brief review
Sunny Tiwari, Chetna Taneja and G V Pavan Kumar 961
Phase reconstruction using compressive parallel phase shift digital holography with Haar wavelet sparsification
Prakash Ramachandran and Anith Nelleri 983
Vectorial imaging techniques for insights into the principles of optical tweezers
Sirshendu Dinda and Debabrata Goswami 989
Self-similar light structures in the far field diffraction regions of self-similar radial Walsh filters
P Mukherjee and L N Hazra 1015
Consideration of freshness and taste of Japanese tomatoes - Comparison of laser biospeckle, and different sensing technologies with human perception
Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, Yuya Tanaka and Hirofumi Kadono 1027
Optical metrology via the photorefractive effect
Arun Anand and C S Narayanamurthy 1035
Phase-controlled interference lithography: Recent advances in efficient designing of photonic architectures
Swagato Sarkar and Joby Joseph 1049
Multi-pass, multi-beam and multi-wavelength optical interferometries
Rajpal S Sirohi 1091
Quantitative phase imaging techniques: Clinical practices
Hanu Phani Ram, Aswathy Vijay, Vikas Thapa, Ashwini Subhash Galande, Renu John 1103
Surface plasmons resonance based refractive index sensors using bimetallic configurations
Ashish Bijalwan and Vipul Rastogi 1127
Investigations of magnetic resonances with modulated laser excitation in the atomic medium for magnetometry applications
Gour S Pati and Renu Tripathi 1149
Light Scattering by Turbid Media
M R Shenoy and Kalpak Gupta 1163
Variational method for the modes of optical fibers
Anurag Sharma 1175
Optical and photoluminescence properties of Ca and Cd doped spin coated nanocrystalline ZnO thin films
Anchal Srivastava 1187
Understanding dynamic beam shaping using liquid crystal spatial light modulator based binary holograms
Karuna
Sindhu Malik, Nagendra Kumar, Akanshu Chauhan, Nedup Sherpa and
Bosanta R Boruah
1197
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 777-786
Transport of intensity equation for phase imaging: A
review
Alok K Gupta and Naveen K Nishchal
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology
Patna,
Bihta, Patna-801 106, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quantitative phase imaging has attracted widespread attention of
the research community because of its extensive applications in
metrology and biological sciences. The techniques are broadly
divided into interferometric and non-interferometric categories.
The transport of intensity equation (TIE) based phase imaging
method comes under the non-interferometric category. The TIE has
usual advantages over the interferometric techniques because of
partial coherence illumination and direct phase recovery without
any unwrapping complexity. However, it has some limitations also
such as paraxial approximation, near Fresnel region diffraction,
and knowledge of appropriate boundary conditions. This article
reviews the difficulties and complexities while solving the TIE for
accurate quantitative phase map. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Non-interferometric phase imaging,
Transport of intensity equation, Quantitative phase
imaging
References
1. Zernike F, How I discovered phase contrast, Science,
121(1955)345-349.
2. Nomarski G, Differential microinterferometer with
polarized waves, J Phys Radium, 16(1955)9S-13S.
3. Bernet S, Jesacher A, Furhapter S, Maurer C,
Ritsch-Marte M, Quantitative imaging of complex samples by spiral
phase contrast microscopy, Opt Express,
14(2006)3792-3805.
4. Nehmetallah G, Banerjee P P, Applications of digital
and analog holography in 3D imaging, Adv Opt Photonics,
4(2012)472-553.
5. Schnars U, Falldorf C, Watson J, Jüptner W, Digital
Holography and Wavefront Sensing, (Springer), 2014.
6. Kim M K, Principles and techniques of digital
holographic microscopy, SPIE Rev, 1(2010)018005; doi.
10.1117/6.0000006.
7. Charrière F, Kühn J, Colomb T, Montfort F, Cuche E,
Emery Y, Weible K, Marquet P, Depeursinge C, Characterization of
microlenses by digital holographic
microscopy, Appl Opt,
45(2006)829-835.
8. Kemper B, Bally G V, Digital holographic microscopy
for live cell applications and technical inspection, Appl Opt,
47(2008)A52-A61; doi.org/10.1364
/AO.47.000A52
9. Marquet P, Rappaz B, Magistretti P J, Cuche E, Emery
Y, Colomb T, and Depeursinge C, Digital holographic microscopy: a
noninvasive contrast imaging
technique allowing quantitative
visualization of living cells with subwavelength axial accuracy,
Opt Lett, 30(2005)468-470.
10. Maiden A M, Rodenburg J M, Humphry M J, Optical ptychography: a
practical implementation with useful resolution, Opt Lett,
35(2010)2585-2587.
11. Marrison J, Raty L, Marriot P, O’Toole P, Ptychography – a
label free, high-contrast imaging technique for live cells using
quantitative phase information, Sci
Rep, 3(2013)2369;
doi.org/10.1038/srep02369
12. Ou X, Horstmeyer R, Yang C, Zheng G, Quantitative phase imaging
via Fourier ptychographic microscopy, Opt Lett,
38(2013)4845-4848.
13. Teague M R, Deterministic phase retrieval: A Green’s function
solution, J Opt Soc Am, 73(1983)1434-1441.
14. Streibl N, Phase imaging by the transport equation of
intensity, Opt Commun, 49(1984)6-10.
15. Paganin D, Nugent KA, Non-interferometric phase imaging with
partially coherent light, Phys Rev Lett,
80(1998)2586-2589.
16. Roddier F, Roddier C, Roddier N, Curvature sensing: A new
wavefront sensing method, Procd 32nd Annual International Tech.
Sym. on Optical and
Optoelectronic Applied Science and
Engineering, San Diego, CA, USA, (1988).
17. Ishizuka A, Mitsuishi K, Ishizuka K, Direct observation of
curvature of the wave surface in transmission electron microscope
using transport intensity equation,
Ultramicroscopy,
194(2018)7-14.
18. Bajt S, Barty A, Nugent K, McCartney M, Wall M, Paganin D,
Quantitative phase-sensitive imaging in a transmission electron
microscope, Ultramicroscopy,
83(2000)67-73.
19. Ishizuka A, Ishizuka K, Mitsuishi K, Boundary-artifact-free
observation of magnetic materials using the transport of intensity
equation, Microsc Microanal,
24(2018)924-925.
20. Nugent K A, Coherent methods in the X-ray sciences, Adv Phys,
59 (2010)1-99.
21. Schmalz J A, Gureyev T E, Paganin D M, Pavlov K M, Phase
retrieval using radiation and matter-wave fields: Validity of
Teague’s method for solution of the
transport-of-intensity equation,
Phys Rev A, 84(2011)023808;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.023808.
22. Allman B, McMahon P, Nugent K, Paganin D, Jacobson D, Arif M,
Werner S, Phase radiography with neutrons, Nature,
408(2000)158-159.
23. Chen N, Zuo C, Lam E Y, Lee B, 3D Imaging based on depth
measurement technologies, Sensors, 18(2018)3711;
doi.org/10.3390/s18113711.
24. Komuro K, Yamazaki Y, Nomura T, Transport of intensity
computational ghost imaging, Appl Opt,
57(2018)4451-4456.
25. Barty A, Nugent K, Paganin D, Roberts A, Quantitative optical
phase microscopy, Opt Lett, 23(1998)817-819.
26. Zuo C, Chen Q, Qu W, Asundi A, High-speed
transport-of-intensity phase microscopy with an electrically
tunable lens, Opt Express, 21(2013)24060-24075.
27. Waller L, Luo Y A, Yang S Y, Barbastathis G, Transport of
intensity phase imaging in a volume holographic microscope, Opt
Lett, 35(2010)2961-2963.
28. Waller L, Kou S S, Sheppard C J R, Barbastathis G, Phase from
chromatic aberrations, Opt Express, 18(2010)
22817-22825.
29. Camacho L, Mico V, Zalevsky Z, Garcia J, Quantitative phase
microscopy using defocusing by means of a spatial light modulator,
Opt Express,
18(2010)6755-6766.
30. Agour M, Falldorf C, Kopylow C, Bergmann R B, Automated
compensation of misalignment in phase retrieval based on a spatial
light modulator, Appl Opt,
50(2011)4779-4787.
31. Gorthi S S, Schonbrun E, Phase imaging flow cytometry using a
focus-stack collecting microscope, Opt Lett,
37(2012)707-709.
32. Chen C-H, Hsu H-F, Chen H-R, Hsieh W-F, Non-interferometric
phase retrieval using refractive index manipulation, Sci Rep,
7(2017)46223; doi:
10.1038/srep46223
(2017).
33. Gupta A K, Fatima A, Nishchal N K, Phase imaging based on
transport of intensity equation using liquid crystal variable
waveplate, in Digital Holography and
Three-Dimensional Imaging 2019, OSA
Tech. Digest (2019), paper M5B.4.
34. Gupta A K, Nishchal N K, Phase retrieval using liquid crystal
variable retarder based on reference-less non-interferometric
technique, Optical Society of India -
International Symposium on Optics
2018, Kanpur, India.
35. Gupta A K, Nishchal N K, A non-interferometric phase retrieval
using liquid crystal spatial light modulator, The Int’l. Confer. on
Fiber Optics and Photonics
(PHOTONICS-2018), Dec. 12-15, 2018,
IIT Delhi.
36. Paganin D, Mayo S C, Gureyev T E, Miller P R, Wilkins S W,
Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused
image of a homogeneous
object, J Microsc,
206(2002)33-40.
37. Poola P K, John R, Label-free nanoscale characterization of red
blood cell structure and dynamics using single-shot transport of
intensity equation, J Biomed
Opt, 22(2017)106001;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.10.106001
38. Zuo C, Chen Q, Qu W, Asundi A, Noninterferometric single-shot
quantitative phase microscopy, Opt Lett,
38(2013)3538-3541.
39. Nguyen T, Nehmetallah G, Non-interferometric tomography of
phase objects using spatial light modulators, J Imaging,
2(2016)1-16.
40. Yu W, Tian X, He X, Song X, Xue L, Liu C, Wang S, Real time
quantitative phase microscopy based on single-shot transport of
intensity equation method,
Appl Phys Lett, 109(2016)071112;
doi.org/10.1063/1.4961383.
41. Zhou W-J, Guan X, Liu F, Yu Y, Zhang H, Poon T-C, Banerjee P P,
Phase retrieval based on transport of intensity and digital
holography, Appl Opt, 57(2018)
A229-A234.
42. Gupta A K, Nishchal N K, Single-shot transport of intensity
equation based phase imaging using refractive index variation,
Digital Holography and Three-
Dimensional Imaging, OSA Tech.
Digest 2019, paper M5B.7.
43. Woods S C, Greenaway A H, Wavefront sensing by use of a Green’s
function solution to the intensity transport equation, J Opt Soc Am
A, 20(2003)508-512.
44. Pinhasi S V, Alimi R, Perelmutter L, Eliezer S, Topography
retrieval using different solutions of the transport intensity
equation, J Opt Soc Am A,
27(2010)2285-2292.
45. Gureyev T E, Roberts A, Nugent K A, Phase retrieval with the
transport-of-intensity equation: Matrix solution with use of
Zernike polynomials, J Opt Soc Am
A, 12(1995)1932-1941.
46. Gureyev T E, Nugent K A, Phase retrieval with the
transport-of-intensity equation. II. Orthogonal series solution for
nonuniform illumination, J Opt Soc Am A,
13(1996)1670-1682.
47. Huang L, Zuo C, Idir M, Qu W, Asundi A, Phase retrieval with
the transport-of-intensity equation in an arbitrarily shaped
aperture by iterative discrete cosine
transforms, Opt Lett,
40(2015)1976-1979.
48. Volkov V, Zhu Y, Graef M D, A new symmetrized solution for
phase retrieval using the transport of intensity equation, Micron,
33(2002)411-416.
49. Frank J, Altmeyer S, Wernicke G, Non-interferometric,
non-iterative phase retrieval by Green’s functions, J Opt Soc Am A,
27(2010)2244-2251.
50. Zuo C, Chen Q, Asundi A, Boundary-artifact-free phase retrieval
with the transport of intensity equation: Fast solution with use of
discrete cosine transform,
Opt Express,
22(2014)9220-9244.
51. Martinez-Carranza J, Falaggis K, Kozacki T, Kujawinska M,
“Effect of imposed boundary conditions on the accuracy of the
transport of intensity equation
based solvers, Proc SPIE 8789,
87890N (2013); doi.org/10.1117/12.2020662
52. Paganin D, Barty A, McMahon P J, Nugent K A, Quantitative
phase-amplitude microscopy. III. The effects of noise, J Microsc,
214(2004)51-61.
53. Zuo C, Chen Q, Yu Y, Asundi A, Transport-of-intensity phase
imaging using Savitzky-Golay differentiation filter-theory and
applications, Opt Express,
21(2013)5346-5362.
54. Cong W, Wang G, Higher-order phase shift reconstruction
approach: Higher-order phase shift reconstruction approach, Med
Phys, 37(2010)5238-5242.
55. Waller L, Tian L, Barbastathis G, Transport of intensity
phase-amplitude imaging with higher order intensity derivatives,
Opt Express, 18(2010)12552-12561.
56. Bie R, Yuan X H, Zhao M, Zhang L, Method for estimating the
axial intensity derivative in the TIE with higher order intensity
derivatives and noise
suppression, Opt Express,
20(2012)8186-8191.
57. Soto M, Acosta E, Improved phase imaging from intensity
measurements in multiple planes, Appl Opt, 46(2007)
7978-7981.
58. Medhi B, Hegde G M, Reddy K J, Roy D, Vasu R M, Shock-wave
imaging by density recovery from intensity measurements, Appl Opt,
57(2018)4297-4308.
59. Allen L, Oxley M, Phase retrieval from series of images
obtained by defocus variation, Opt Commun, 199(2001)
65-75.
60. Schmalz J A, Gureyev T E, Paganin D M, Pavlov K M, Phase
retrieval using radiation and matter-wave fields: Validity of
Teague’s method for solution of the
transport-of-intensity equation,
Phys Rev A, 84(2011)023808;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.023808
61. Zuo C, Chen Q, Huang L, Asundi A, Phase discrepancy analysis
and compensation for fast Fourier transform based solution of the
transport of intensity
equation, Opt Express,
22(2014)17172-17186.
62. Ferrari J A, Ayubi G A, Flores J L, Perciante C D, Transport of
intensity equation: Validity limits of the usually accepted
solution, Opt Commun,
318(2014)133-136.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 787-793
Performance analysis of an improved target detection technique
based
on quadratic correlation filters for surveillance
applications
Arun Kumar and Unnikrishnan Gopinathan
Instruments Research and Development Establishment, Raipur Road,
Dehradun-248 008, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his contributions
to Optics & Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
An improved target detection method based on Quadratic Correlation
Filters (QCF) is proposed for surveillance application to detect
the target amid the clutter in visible imagery. The proposed
improvement helps in reducing the false alarm rate thereby
improving the performance. The performance evaluation of the
proposed method is carried out on the frames of a video sequence by
varying three parameters – target window size, variance check
value, and positive filter threshold value. © Anita Publications.
All rights reserved.
Keywords: Target detection, Recognition, Quadratic
correlation filter, Variance, Target recognition performance
analysis.
References
1. Duda R O, Hart P E, Stork D G, Pattern Classification, (John
Wiley & Sons),2001.
2. Vijaya Kumar BVK, Mahalanobis A, Juday R D, Correlation Pattern
Recognition, (Cambridge Press, New York), 2005.
3. Duda R O, Hart P E, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis,
(John Wiley &Sons, New York), 1973.
4. Sims S R F, Mahalanobis A, Performance evaluation of quadratic
correlation filters for target detection and discrimination in
infrared imagery, Opt
Eng, 43(2004)1705-1711.
5. Vijaya Kumar B V K, Tutorial survey of composite filter designs
for optical correlators, App Opt, 31(1992)4773-4801.
6. Vander Lugt A, Signal detection by spatial complex filtering,
IEEE Trans Inf Theory, 10(1964)139-145.
7. Mahalanobis A, Vijaya Kumar BVK, Casasent D P, Minimum average
correlation energy filters, Appl Opt,
26(1987)3633-3640.
8. Mahalanobis A, Vijaya Kumar BVK, Sims S R F, Epperson J,
Unconstrained correlation filters, Appl Opt,
33(1994)3751-3759.
9. Gardner W A, IEEE Transactions on Communications,
28(1980)807-816.
10. Alkanhal M, Vijaya Kumar B V K, Polynomial distance classifier
correlation filter for pattern recognition, Appl Opt,
42(2003)4688-4708.
11. Picinbono B, Quadratic filters in Proc IEEE ICASSP, (Paris,
France), May 1982, pp. 298-301.
12. Sicuranza G L, Quadratic filters for signal processing, Proc
IEEE, 80(1992)1263-1285.
13. Mahalanobis A, Muise R, Stanfill S R, Nevel A Van, Design and
application of quadratic correlation filters for target detection,
Appl Opt, 40(2004)837-850.
14. Gheen G, Optimal distortion-invariant quadratic filters, Proc
SPIE, 1564(1991)112-120; doi.org/10.1117/12.49701.
15. Kerekes R A, Vijaya Kumar B V K, Selecting a composite
correlation filter design: a survey and comparative study, Opt Eng,
47(2008)067202; doi.org/10.1117
/1.2943217.
16. Gheen G, A general class of invariant quadratic filters for
optical pattern recognition, Proc SPIE,
2237(1994)19-26.
17. Mahalanobis A, Muise R, Stanfill S R, Quadratic correlation
filter design methodology for target detection and surveillance
applications, Appl Opt,
43(2004)5198-5205.
18. Huo X, Elad M, Flesia A G, Muise R R, Stanfill S R, Friedman J,
Popescu B, Chen J, Mahalanobis A, Donoho D L, Optimal reduced-rank
quadratic classifiers
using the Fukunaga–Koontz transform
with applications to automated target recognition, Automatic Target
Recognition XIII, F A Sadjadi (ed), Proc SPIE,
5094(2003)59-72.
19. Vijaya Kumar B V K, Casasent D, Mahalanobis A,
Distance-classifier correlation filters for multiclass target
recognition, Appl Opt, 35(1996)3127-3133.
20. Vijaya Kumar B V K, Brasher J, Hester C, Nonlinear decision
boundaries using complex constraints in synthetic discriminant
function filters, Proc of SPIE,
2026(1993)88-99.
21. Vijaya Kumar B V K, Hassebrook L, Performance measures for
correlation filters, Appl Opt, 29(1990)2997-3006.
22. Vijaya Kumar B V K, Mahalanobis A, Recent advances in composite
correlation filter designs, Asian J Phys,
8(1999)407-420.
23. Mikhael W B, Ragothaman P, Muise R, Mahalanobis A, An Efficient
Quadratic Correlation Filter for Automatic Target Recognition, Proc
of SPIE, Volume
6566, 65660W, Automatic Target
Recognition XVII, Firooz A. Sadjadi, E Defense and Security
Symposium, Orlando, Florida, April 17-22, 2007.
24. Muise R, Mahalanobis A, Mohapatra R, Li X, Han D, Mikhael W,
Constrained quadratic correlation filters for target detection,
Appl Opt, 43(2004)304-314.
25. Horner J L, Gianino P D, Applying the phase-only filter concept
to the synthetic discriminant function correlation filter, App Opt,
24(1985)851-855.
26. Van Nevel A, Mahalanobis A, Comparative study of maximum
average correlation height filter variants using ladder imagery,
Opt Eng, 42(2004)541-550.
27. Kerekes J, Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Confidence
Intervals and Regions, IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett,
5(2008)251-255.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 795-812
Polarized
light in biophotonics: enabling technology towards
tissue
characterization, diagnosis and
imaging
S
Chandel1, S Saha1,2 and N
Ghosh1
1Indian Institute of Science Education and Research,
Kolkata,741 246, W B, India
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida
International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In this
article, we have addressed the current status of optical
polarimetry for biomedical assessment. Polarimetric imaging and
spectroscopy has already shown considerable promise in detecting
various diseases e.g precancerous changes, but it still remains to
be rigorously investigated. Owing to their immense potential for in
vivo tissue characterization and diagnosis, polarization
incorporated experimental system are improvising rapidly to be
utilized for advanced biomedical applications. Although a
simplified version of some of these systems have been used in
clinics but there are still formidable challenges ahead, both
technical challenges and challenges in analysis, interpretation,
quantification of the tissue polarimetry signal and finally
relating it to the actual tissue morphology. Here, we have
discussed with illustrative examples that quantitative polarimetric
measurements can provide morphological, biochemical and functional
information of potential biomedical importance. These results
address some of the outstanding challenges in biomedical
polarimetry and demonstrate the promise of polarimetry as a
non-invasive optical tool for tissue characterization and
diagnosis. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Polarization, Mueller Matrix, Fluorescence,
Optical diagnosis
References
1. Tuchin V V, Tissue optics:
light scattering methods and instruments for medical diagnosis,
(SPIE press, Bellingham), 2007.
2. Ghosh N,. Vitkin I A,
Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and
outlook, J Biomed Opt, 16(2011) 110801;
doi.org/10.1117/1.3652896
3. Schmitt J M, Optical
coherence tomography (OCT): A review, IEEE Journal of selected
topics in quantum electronics, 5(1999)1205-1215.
4. Hebden G J, Arridge S R,
Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging, Physics in Medicine
& Biology, 50(2005) R1;
doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/4/R01.
5. Richards-Kortum R,
Sevick-Muraca E, Quantitative optical spectroscopy for tissue
diagnosis, Annu Rev Phys Chem, 47(1996)555-606.
6. Ramanujam N, Fluorescence
spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues, Neoplasia,
2(2000)89-117.
7. Mahadevan-Jansen A,
Richards-Kortum R R, Raman spectroscopy for the detection of
cancers and precancers, J Biomed Opt,
1(1996)31-70.
doi.org/10.1117/12.227815
8. Wang L V, Coté G L, Jacques
S L, Special Section Guest Editorial, J Biomed Opt,
7(2002)278-278.
9. Ghosh N, Wood M, Vitkin A,
Polarized light assessment of complex turbid media such as
biological tissues using Mueller matrix decomposition,
Handbook
of photonics for biomedical Science, (CRC Press), 2010, pp
253-282.
10. Kliger D S, Lewis J W, Polarized
light in optics and spectroscopy, (Elsevier), 2012.
11. Goldstein D H, Polarized Light,
(CRC Press,Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New
York), 2016.
12. Gupta S D, Ghosh N, Banerjee A,
Wave Optics: Basic Concepts and Contemporary Trends, (CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London,
New York), 2015.
13. Bickel W S, Bailey W M, Stokes
vectors, Mueller matrices, and polarized scattered light, Am J
Phys, 53(1985)468-478.
14. Chipman R A, Polarimetry,
Handbook of Optics, Vol II, (McGraw-Hill, INC),1995, chapter 22, pp
22.1-22.37.
15. Lu S.-Y, Chipman R A,
Interpretation of Mueller matrices based on polar decomposition, J
Opt Soc Am A, 13(1996)1106-1113.
16. Ossikovski R, Martino A De,
Guyot S, Forward and reverse product decompositions of depolarizing
Mueller matrices, Opt Lett, 32(2007)689-691.
17. Ossikovski R, “Differential
matrix formalism for depolarizing anisotropic media, Opt Lett,
36(2011)2330-2332.
18. S. Kumar S, Harsh Purwar H,
Ossikovski R, Vitkin I A, Ghosh N, “Comparative study of
differential matrix and extended polar decomposition
formalisms
for polarimetric characterization of complex tissue-like turbid
media,” J Biomed Opt, 17(2012)105006;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.105006
19. Azzam R, “Propagation of
partially polarized light through anisotropic media with or without
depolarization: a differential 4× 4 matrix calculus, J Opt
Soc
Am A, 68(1978)1756-1767.
20. Ghosh N, Banerjee A, Soni J,
Turbid medium polarimetry in biomedical imaging and diagnosis, The
European Physical Journal: Applied Physics,
54(2011)30001; doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2011110017
21. Smith M H, Optimization of a
dual-rotating-retarder Mueller matrix polarimeter, Appl Opt,
41(2002)2488-2493.
22. Dubreuil M, Rivet S, Jeune B Le,
J Cariou J, Snapshot Mueller matrix polarimeter by wavelength
polarization coding, Opt Express, 15(2007)13660-13668.
23. Baba J S, Chung J R, DeLaughter
A H, Cameron B D, Cote G L, Development and calibration of an
automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging
system, J Biomed Opt, 7(2002)341-349.
24. Compain E, Poirier S, Drevillon
B, General and self-consistent method for the calibration of
polarization modulators, polarimeters, and
Mueller-matrix
ellipsometers, Appl Opt, 38(1999)3490-3502.
25. Laude-Boulesteix B, Martino A D,
Drévillon B, Schwartz L, Mueller polarimetric imaging system with
liquid crystals, Appl Opt, 43(2004)2824-2832.
26. Jacques S L, Ramella-Roman J C,
Lee K, Imaging skin pathology with polarized light, J Biomed Opt,
7(2002)329-340.
27. Soni J, Purwar H, Lakhotia H,
Chandel S, Banerjee C, Kumar U, Ghosh N, Quantitative fluorescence
and elastic scattering tissue polarimetry using an
Eigenvalue calibrated spectroscopic Mueller matrix system, Opt
Express, 21(2013)15475-15489.
28. Jacques S L, Roman J R, Lee K,
Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light, Lasers in surgery
and medicine, 26(2000)119-129.
29. Demos S G, Radousky H B, Alfano
R R, Deep subsurface imaging in tissues using spectral and
polarization filtering, Opt Express, 7(2000)23-28.
30. Sridhar S, Silva A Da, Enhanced
contrast and depth resolution in polarization imaging using
elliptically polarized light, J Biomed Opt,
21(2016)071107;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.21.7.071107.
31. Schmitt J M, Gandjbakhche A H,
Bonner R F, Use of polarized light to discriminate short path
photons in a multiply scattering medium, Appl Opt,
31(1992)6535-6546.
32. Ghosh N, Patel H, Gupta P,
Depolarization of light in tissue phantoms-effect of a distribution
in the size of scatterers, Opt Express, 11(2003)2198-2205.
33. Morgan S P, Stockford I M,
Surface-reflection elimination in polarization imaging of
superficial tissue, Opt Lett, 28(2003)114-116.
34. Sviridov P, Chernomordik V V,
Hassan M, Boccara A C,Russo A, Smith P D, Gandjbakhche A H,
Enhancement of hidden structures of early skin
fibrosis
using polarization degree patterns and Pearson correlation
analysis, J Biomed Opt, 10(2005)051706;
doi.org/10.1117/1.2073727.
35. Layden D, Ghosh N, Vitkin A,
Quantitative polarimetry for tissue characterization and diagnosis,
Advanced Biophotonics: Tissue Optical Sectioning,
(eds)
Wang R K, Tuchin VV, (Taylor & Francis),2016, pp 73-108.
36. Ghosh N, Wood M F G, Li S H,
Weisel R D, Wilson B C, Li R-K, Vitkin I A, Mueller matrix
decomposition for polarized light assessment of
biological
tissues, J Biophotonics, 2(2009)145-156.
37. Wood M F G, Ghosh N, Wallenburg
M A, Li Shu-Hong, Weisel Richard D, Wilson B C, Li Ren-Ke, Vitkin I
A, Polarization birefringence measurements
for characterizing the myocardium, including healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell-regenerated tissues, J Biomed Opt, 15(2010)047009; doi.org/10.1117
/1.3469844
38. Li S-H, Sun Z, Guo L, Han
M, Wood MFG, Ghosh N, Vitkin I A Weisel R D, Li R K, Elastin over
expression by cell-based gene therapy preserves
matrix
and prevents cardiac dilation, Journal of Cellular and Molecular
Medicine, 16(2012)2429-2439.
39. Lakowicz J R, Principles
of fluorescence spectroscopy, (Springer Science & Business
Media), 2013.
40. Arteaga O, Nichols S, Kahr
B, Mueller matrices in fluorescence scattering, Opt Lett,
37(2012)2835-2837.
41. Jagtap J, Chandel S, Das
N, Soni J, Chatterjee S, Pradhan A, Ghosh N, Quantitative Mueller
matrix fluorescence spectroscopy for precancer detection,
Opt
Lett, 39(2014)243-246.
42. Satapathi S, Soni J, Ghosh
N, Fluorescent Mueller matrix analysis of a highly scattering
turbid media, Appl Phys Lett, 104(2014)131902;
doi.org/10.1063
/1.4869475
43. Saha S, Soni J, Chandel S,
Ghosh N, Kumar U, Probing intrinsic anisotropies of fluorescence:
Mueller Matrix Approach, J Biomed Opt,
20(2015)085005;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.20.8.085005
44. Das N, Chatterjee S, Soni
J, Jagtap J, Pradhan A, Sengupta T K, Panigrahi P K, Vitkin I A,
Ghosh N, Probing multifractality in tissue refractive
index:
prospects for precancer detection, Opt Lett,
38(2013)211-213.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 813-824
Qualitative and quantitative
assessment of emotions from
image sequences using
optical flow magnitude
Shivangi
Anthwal and Dinesh Ganotra
Department of Applied
Science and Humanities,
Indira Gandhi Delhi
Technical University for Women, Delhi-110 006,
India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Facial
expressions provide pertinent cues helpful in deducing one’s
emotional state. Prospective applications of automated cognition of
emotions through facial expressions in smart environments has
engendered a surge of interest in the last decade. In this work, an
approach is presented where facial expressions are characterized by
analyzing the motion pattern of facial features arising when a
neutral face transforms into an emotional face. For qualitative
analysis, emotional patterns are categorized into six discrete
basic emotion classes with descriptors giving the spatial
distribution of the magnitude of dense optical flow across the
entire image domain between emotional and neutral facial images.
Classification scheme based on k-nearest neighbor has been employed
for categorization. Promising results from comparative analysis of
the proposed method with pre-trained Microsoft face application
programming interface on the sequences derived from Extended Cohn
Kanade database and Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database
demonstrate the efficiency of the flow magnitude based descriptor.
For quantitative assessment of emotions, intensity scores are
computed by finding the root mean square deviation between
reference flow matrix and the flow matrix corresponding to input
frame. The computed intensity scores are well in agreement with the
visually apparent emotional intensity levels depicted by the
expression. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Optical flow, Emotion analysis, Facial
expression recognition, Emotional intensity.
References
1. Mehrabian A, Silent Messages,1st Edn,
(Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Belmont, California), 1971, p
44.
2. Dai Y, Shibata Y, Ishii T, Hashimoto K,
Katamachi K, Noguchi K, Kakizaki, N, Cai D, An associate memory
model of facial expressions and its application
in facial expression recognition of patients on bed, Proc IEEE
International Conference on Multimedia and Expo,
(2001)591-594.
3. Quintana M, Menendez J M, Alvarez F, Lopez J
P, Improving retail efficiency through sensing technologies: A
survey, Pattern Recognit Lett, 81(2016)3-10.
4. Huang D, Torre F De la, Bilinear Kernel
Reduced Rank Regression for Facial Expression Synthesis, Proc
European Conference on Computer Vision,
(2010)364-377.
5. Lucey P, Cohn J, Lucey S, Matthews I,
Sridharan S, Prkachin K, Automatically detecting pain using facial
actions, Proc 3rd International Conference
on
Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction,
(2009)1-8.
6. Ekman P, An argument for basic emotions,
Cognition and Emotion, 6(1992)169-200.
7. Matsumoto D, Willingham B, Spontaneous Facial
Expressions of Emotion of Congenitally and Noncongenitally Blind
Individuals, J Pers Soc Psychol,
96(2009)1-10.
8. Lucey P, Cohn J F, Kanade T, Saragih J,
Ambadar Z, Matthews I, The Extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): A
complete dataset for action unit and
emotion-specified expression, Proc Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition Workshops, San Francisco, CA, USA. 13-18 June,
(2010)94-101.
9. Ekman P, Friesen WV, The Facial Action Coding
System, (Consulting Psychologists Press, San Francisco, CA),
1978.
10. Lien J J, Kanade T, CohnJ, Li C-C, Automated Facial
Expression Recognition Based on FACS Action Units, Proc. Third IEEE
International Conference on
Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, (1998)390-395.
11. Liu M, Li S, Shan S, Chen X, AU-inspired Deep networks
for facial expression feature learning, Neurocomputing,
159(2015)126-136.
12. Happy S L, Routray A, Robust facial expression
classification using shape and appearance features, 8th
International Conference on Advances in Pattern
Recognition (ICAPR), 4-7 Jan 2015, Kolkata, India,
(2015)
13. Salmam F Z, Madani A, Kissi M, Fusing multi-stream deep
neural networks for facial expression recognition, Signal Image and
Video Processing,
13(2019)609-616.
14. Moore S, Bowden R, Local binary patterns for
multi-view facial expression recognition, Comput Vis Image Und,
115(2011)541-558.
15. Berretti S, Del Bimbo A, Pala P, Automatic
facial expression recognition in real-time from dynamic sequences
of 3D face scans, Visual Comput,
29(2013)1333-1350.
16. Anthwal S, Ganotra D, An overview of optical
flow-based approaches for motion segmentation, Imaging Sci J,
67(2019)284-294.
17. Mase K, Recognition of Facial Expression from
Optical Flow, IEICE Trans Inf & Syst,
E74(1991)3474-3483.
18. Essa I A, Pentland A,Coding, analysis,
interpretation, recognition of facial expressions, IEEE Trans
Pattern Anal Mach, 19(1997)757-763.
19. Yacoob Y, Davis LS, Recognizing Human Facial
Expressions from Long Image Sequences Using Optical Flow, IEEE
Trans Pattern Anal Mach,
18(1996)636-642.
20. Shin G, Chun J, Spatio-temporal Facial
Expression Recognition Using Optical Flow and HMM, Software
Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking
and Parallel/Distributed Computing, Studies in Computational
Intelligence, 149(2008)27-38.
21. Fan X, Tjahjadi T, A Spatial-Temporal
Framework based on Histogram of Gradients and Optical Flow for
Facial Expression Recognition in Video
Sequences, Pattern Recognit, 48(2015)3407-3416.
22. Eskil M T, Benli K S, Facial expression
recognition based on anatomy, Comput Vis Image Underst,
119(2014)1-14.
23. Niese R, Al Hamadi A, Farag A, Neumann H,
Michaelis B, Facial expression recognition based on geometric and
optical flow features in colour image
sequences, IET Computer Vision, 6(2012)79-89;doi.
10.1049/iet-cvi.2011.0064
24. Sun N, Li Q, Huan R, Liu J, Han G,“Deep
spatial-temporal feature fusion for facial expression recognition
in static images, Pattern Recognit Lett,
119(2019)49-61.
25. Calvo MG, Fernández-Martín A, Recio G,
Lundqvist D, Human Observers and Automated Assessment of Dynamic
Emotional Facial Expressions: KDEF-
dyn Database Validation, Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2018), Article
2052.
26. Viola P, Jones M, Rapid object detection
using a boosted cascade of simple features, Proc IEEE Computer
Society Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition, 1(2001)I-I.
27. Brox T, Bruhn A, Papenberg N, Weickert J,
(2004) High Accuracy Optical Flow Estimation Based on a Theory for
Warping. In: Pajdla T, Matas J (eds),
Computer Vision - ECCV 2004. ECCV 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3024. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; doi.org/10.1007
/978-3-540-24673-2_3
28. Altman N S, An introduction to kernel and
nearest-neighbour non-parametric regression, Am Stat,
46(1992)175-185.
29.
https://aidemos.microsoft.com/face-recognition
30. Shcherbakov M V, Brebels A, Shcherbakova N
L,Tyukov A P, Janovsky T A, Kamaev V A, A Survey of Forecast Error
Measures, World Appl Sci J,
24(2013)171-176.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 857-866
Speckle-free common-path digital interference phase microscopy using single element
interferometers with partially spatially coherent light
source
Veena
Singh, Shilpa Tayal and Dalip Singh Mehta
Bio-photonics
and Green Photonics Laboratory, Department of
Physics,
Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016,
India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Digital
interferometeric phase microscopy (DIPM) is one of the most
promising techniques which helps in the visualization and
measurement of transparent biological cells. Mostly, non
common-path DIPM is employed for experimentation compared to common
path interferometers, but they suffer from the drawback that they
are temporally unstable compared to their counterparts. In addition
to poor temporal stability, high spatial phase sensitivity is also
an essential requirement in the accurate measurement of phase.
Lasers are the most commonly employed light source in DIPM, but due
to their high coherence properties they lead to the generation of
speckles and spurious fringes,which degrades the quality of
measurement. In this paper, we report the development of
speckle-free common path DIPM systems using single element
interferometers, which has high spatial phase sensitivity along
with high temporal stability. The DIPM systems implemented uses
partially spatially coherent light source to increase the spatial
phase sensitivity, and their common path nature helps in the
attainment of high temporal stability. Two common path modalities
have been developed one using lateral shearing interferometer while
another using Fresnel biprism. The experiments are carried out on
industrial as well as biological specimens. Results of temporal
stability, spatial phase sensivity, and reconstructed phase maps
are presented. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Phase, Common-path interferometer, Microscopy,
Coherence.
References
1. Rostykus M, Soulez F, Unser M, Moser C,
Compact in-line lensfree digital holographic microscope, Methods,
136(2018)17-23.
2. Zernike F, Phase contrast, a new method for
the microscopic observation of transparent objects, Physica,
9(1942) 686-698.
3. Myung K K, Principles and techniques of
digital holographic microscopy, SPIE (Reviews), 1(2010)018005;
doi.org/10.1117/6.0000006.
4. Shaked N T, Satterwhite L L, Rinehart M T, Wax
A, Quantitative Analysis of Biological Cells Using Digital
Holographic Microscopy, Holography, Research
and Technologies, (Intech Open), 2011, 219; doi:
10.5772/15122.
5. Ahmad A, Dubey V, Singh V, Butola A, Joshi T,
Mehta D S, Reduction of spatial phase noise in the laser based
digital holographic microscopy for the
quantitative phase measurement of biological cells, Proc SPIE-OSA,
10414(2017)104140H; doi.org/10.1117/12.2287908.
6. Yu L, Mohanty S, Zhang J, Genc S, Kim M K,
Berns M W, Chen Z, Digital holographic microscopy for quantitative
cell dynamic evaluation during laser
microsurgery, Opt Express, 17(2009)12031-12038.
7. Kemper B , Bauwens A , Vollmer A , Ketelhut S
, Langehanenberg P, Müthing J, Karch H, Bally G V, Label-free
quantitative cell division monitoring of
endothelial cells by digital holographic microscopy, J Biomed Opt,
15 (2010)036009; doi.org/10.1117/1.3431712.
8. Singh V, Tayal V, Mehta D S, Highly stable
wide-field common path digital holographic microscope based on a
Fresnel biprism interferometer, OSA
Continuum, 1(2108)48, doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.1.000048.
9. Shan M, Hao B, Zhong Z, Diao M, Zhang Y,
Parallel two-step spatial carrier phase-shifting common-path
interferometer with a Ronchi grating outside the
Fourier plane, Opt Express, 21(2013)2126-2132.
10. Mahajan S, Trivedi V, Vora P, Chhaniwal V, Javidi B,
Anand A, Highly stable digital holographic microscope using Sagnac
interferometer, Opt Lett,
40(2015)3743-3746.
11. Shaked N T, Quantitative phase microscopy of biological
samples using a portable interferometer, Opt Lett,
37(2012)2016-2018.
12. Yuanbo D, Chu D, Coherence properties of different light
sources and their effect on the image sharpness and speckle of
holographic displays, Scientific
reports, 7(2017)5893;
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06215-x.
13. Singh V, Joshi R, Tayal S, Mehta D S, Speckle-free
common-path quantitative phase imaging with high temporal phase
stability using a partially spatially
coherent multi-spectral light source, Lasers Physics Letter,
16(2019)025601; doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/aaf179.
14. Goodman Joseph W, Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and
Applications, (Roberts and Company Publishers), 2007.
15. Ahmad A, Dubey V, Singh G, Singh V, Mehta D S,
Quantitative phase imaging of biological cells using spatially low
and temporally high coherent light
source, Opt Lett, 41(2016 )1554-1557.
16. Mehta D S, Naik D N, Singh R K, Takeda M, Laser speckle
reduction by multimode optical fiber bundle with combined
temporal, spatial, and angular
diversity, Appl Opt, 51(2012)1894-1904.
17. Bianco V, Memmolo P, Leo M, Montresor S, Distante C,
Paturzo M, Picart P, Javidi B, Ferraro P, Strategies for reducing
speckle noise in digital
holography, Light: Science & Applications,7(2018)48;
doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0050-9.
18. Song J B, Lee Y W, Lee I W, Lee Y H, Simple
phase-shifting method in a wedge-plate lateral-shearing
interferometer, Appl Opt, 43(2004)3989-3992.
19. Dai X, Yun H, Shao X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Yang F, HeX,
Thermal residual stress evaluation based on phase-shift lateral
shearing interferometry, Optics and
Lasers in Engineering, 105(2018)182-187.
20. Tayal S, Usmani K, Singh V, Dubey V, Mehta D S,
Speckle-free quantitative phase and amplitude imaging using
common-path lateral shearing interference
microscope with pseudo-thermal light source illumination, Optik,
180(2019)991-996.
21. Singh A S G, Anand A, Leitgeb R A, Javidi B,
Lateral shearing digital holographic imaging of small biological
specimens, Opt
Express, 20(2012)23617-23622.
22. Seo K B, Shin S H, Optimal modified lateral
shearing interferometer for submicro-defects measurement of
transparent objects, Appl
Opt, 56(2017)7504-7511.
23. Vora P, Trivedi V, Mahajan S, Patel
N R, Joglekar M, Chhaniwal V, Moradi A,
Javidi B, Anand A, Wide field of view common-path
lateral-shearing
digital holographic interference microscope, J Biomed Opt, 22(2017)126001; doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.12.126001.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 867-875
Generation of Stokes vortices in
three, four and six circularly polarized beam
interference
Sushanta Kumar Pal, Sarvesh Bansal and P
Senthilkumaran
Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016,
India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In this
article we have shown generation of Stokes fields vortices from the
interference of three, four, and six polarization engineered
circularly polarized vector beams. In addition to this, the
interference method is extended to phase and polarization
engineered six circularly polarized beams for realizing two
interesting lattice fields embedded with all three Stokes vortices
simultaneously. We believe that such polarization lattice fields
may bring up novel concept of structured polarization illumination
methods in super resolution microscopy.© Anita Publications. All
rights reserved.
Keywords: Interference, Polarization, Optical Vortices,
Polarization Singularity.
References
1. Hajnal J V, Singularities
in the transverse fields of electromagnetic waves. I. theory, Proc
R Soc London A, 414 (1987)433-446.
2. Freund I, Polarization
singularity indices in Gaussian laser beams, Opt Commun,
201(2002)251-270.
3. Dennis M R, Polarization
singularities in paraxial vector fields: morphology and statistics,
Opt Commun, 213(2002)201-221.
4. Freund I, Soskin M S,
Mokhun A I, Elliptic critical points in paraxial optical fields,
Opt Commun, 208(2002)223-253.
5. Senthilkumaran P,
Singularities in Physics and Engineering, (IOP Publishing),
2018.
6. Goldstein D, Polarized
Light, (CRC Press), 2011.
7. Born M, Wolf E, Principle
of Optics, (Cambridge University Press), 1999.
8. Freund I, Mokhun A I,
Soskin M S, Angelsky O V, Mokhun I I, Stokes singularity relations,
Opt Lett, 27(2002)545-547.
9. Freund I, Poincaré
vortices, Opt Lett, 26 (2001)1996-1998.
10. Angelsky O, Mokhun A, Mokhun I, Soskin
M S, Opt Commun, 207(2002)57-65.
11. Masajada J, Dubik B, Optical vortex
generation by three plane wave interference, The relationship
between topological characteristics of component
vortices
and polarization singularities, Opt Commun, 198(2001)21-27.
12. Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P, Vortex array
generation by interference of spherical waves, Appl Opt,
46(2007)7862-7867.
13. Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P,
Interferometric optical vortex array generator, Appl Opt,
46(2007)2893-2898.
14. Ghai D P, Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P,
Sirohi R S, Detection of Phase singularity using a lateral shear
interferometer, Opt and Lasers in Engg,
46(2008)419-423.
15. Xavier J, Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P,
Denz C, Joseph J, Sculptured 3D
twister superlattices embedded with tunable vortex
spirals, Opt Lett,
36(2011)3512-3514.
16. Senthilkumaran P, Masajada J, Sato S,
Interferometry with vortices, International J Opt,
2012(2012)1-18.
17. Xavier J, Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P,
Joseph J, Complex 3D vortex lattice formation by phase engineered
multiple beam interference, Int J Opt,
2012(2012)1-9.
18. Xavier J, Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P,
Joseph J, Tailored complex 3D photonic vortex lattice structures,
Appl Opt, 51(2012)1872-1878.
19. Ye D, Peng X, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Numerical
generation of a polarization singularity array with modulated
amplitude and phase), J Opt Soc Am A,
33(2016)1705-1709.
20. Kurzynowski P, Woźniak W A, Zdunek M,
Borwińska M, Singularities of interference of three waves with
different polarization states, Opt Express,
20(2012)26755-26765.
21. Kurzynowski P, Wozniak W A, Borwinska
M, Regular lattices of polarization singularities: their generation
and properties, J Opt, 12(2012)1-8.
22. Pang X, Gbur G, Visser T D, Cycle of
phase, coherence and polarization singularities in Young's
three-pinhole experiment, Opt Express,
23(2015)34093-34108.
23. Schoonover R W, Visser T D, Creating
polarization singularities with an N-pinhole interferometer, Phys
Rev A, 79 (2009)1-7.
24. Yu R, Xin Y, Zhao Q, Chen Y,
Song Q, Array of polarization singularities in interference of
three waves, J Opt Soc Am A, 30(2013)2556-2560.
25. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P,
Cultivation of lemon fields, Opt Express,
24(2016)28008-28013.
26. Pal S K, Ruchi, Senthilkumaran
P, C-point and V-point singularity lattice formation and index sign
conversion methods, Opt Commun, 393(2017)156-168.
27. Ruchi, Pal S K, Senthilkumaran
P, Generation of V-point polarization singularity lattices, Opt
Express, 25(2017)19326-19331.
28. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P,
Lattice of C-points at intensity nulls, Opt Lett,
43(2018)1259-1262.
29. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P, Phase
engineering methods in polarization singularity lattice
generation, OSA Continuum, 1(2018)193-199.
30. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P,
Synthesis of Stokes singularities, Opt Lett, 44(2019)130-133.
31. Arora G, Pal S K, Senthilkumaran
P, Spatially varying lattice of C-points, OSA Continuum,
2(2019)416-423.
32. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P,
Hexagonal vector field of polarization singularities with gradient
basis structure, Opt Lett, 44(2019)2093-2096.
33. Pal S K, Senthilkumaran P,
Generation of orthogonal lattice fields, J Opt Soc Am A,
36(2019)853-858.
34. Machavariani G, Lumer Y, Moshe
I, Meir A, Jackel S, Spatially variable retardation plate for
efficient generation of radially and azimuthally
polarized
beams, Opt Commun, 281(2008)732-738.
35. Xin J, Lou X, Zhou Z, Dong M,
Zhu L, Generation of polarization vortex beams by segmented
quarter-wave plates, Chinese Opt Lett, 14(2016)070501.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 877-889
Guided wave photonics for light sources, sensors and
passive components at mid-IR
Babita Bakshi (nee Kumari)1, Ajanta Barh2, Somnath Ghosh3, Ravendra K Varshney1 and Bishnu P Pal4
1Department of Physic, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Dehli-110 016 India
2Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
3Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur-342 037 Rajasthan, India
4Mahindra École Centrale, Department of Physics, Hyderabad-500,043, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his contributions
to Optics & Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guided wave photonics has emerged as a versatile mid-infrared
(mid-IR) wavelength platform and option for realising light
sources, sensors and components in the technologically important
wavelength window of 2-25 μm. Portions of this spectral band
represent molecular fingerprint regimes of certain molecules’
characteristic signature absorption wavelengths, which find
extensive applications in pollution detection and
bio-chemical-medical research. Mid-IR waveband is also attractive
for defense, homeland security, sensing of noxious gases,
astronomy, spectroscopy, LIDAR, optical tomography, etc. In this
review paper, we present our own research in recent years in the
context of highlighting role of guided wave photonics for realizing
light sources, sensors, and polarization components for use at
mid-IR spectral domain.© Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Optical waveguides, Optical fibers,
Nonlinear optics, Four wave mixing, Silicon photonics sensors and
components
References
1. Sanghera J S, Aggarwal I D, Active and passive chalcogenide
glass optical fibers for IR applications: a review, J Non-Cryst
Solids, 256-257(1999)6-16.
2. Rolfe P, In-vivo near infrared spectroscopy, Annu Rev Biomed
Eng, 2(2000)715-754.
3. Serebryakov V A, Boĭko É V, Petrishchev N N, Yan A V, Medical
applications of mid-IR lasers, problems and prospects, J Opt
Technol, 7(2010)6-17.
4. Hartl I, Li X D, Chudoba C, Ghanta R K, Ko T H, Fujimoto J G,
Ranka J K, Windeler R S, Ultra-high-resolution coherence tomography
using continuum
generation in an air-silica microstructured optical
fiber, Opt Lett, 26(2001)608-610.
5. Jackson S D, Towards high power mid-infrared emission from a
fibre laser, Nat Photonics, 6(2012)423-431.
6. Pile D, Horiuchi N, Won R, Graydon O, Extending opportunities,
Nat Photonics, 6(2012)407; doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.149
7. Soref R A, Emelett S J, Buchwald W R, Silicon waveguided
components for the long-wave infrared region, J Opt A: Pure and
Appl Opt, 8(2006)840-848.
8. Hu J, Meyer J, Richardson K, Shah L, Feature issue
introduction: mid-IR photonic materials, Opt Mater Exp,
3(2013)1571-1575. :
9. Lin H, Luo Z, Gu T, Kimerling L C, Wada, Agarwal A, Hu J,
Mid-infrared integrated photonics on Silicon: a perspective,
Nanophotonics, 7(2018)393-420.
10. Miller S E, Integrated optics: an introduction, Bell Syst Tech
J, 48(1969)2059-2069.
11. Pal B P, Guided wave optics on silicon: Physics, technology and
status, Chapter 1 in Progress in Optics, Wolf E (ed), vol.
XXXII(Elsevier Science Publishers
B.V.),1993, pp 1-59.
12. Pal B P, Syms R R A (Guest Editors), Special issue on
guided-wave optics on silicon, IEE Proc. Optoelectron, 143
(1996).
13. Lipson M, Guiding, modulating, and emitting light on
silicon-challenges and opportunities, J Lightwave Technol,
23(2005)4222-4228.
14. Gonzalez-Guerrero A B, Dante S, Duval D, Osmond J, Lechuga L M,
Advanced photonic biosensors for point-of-care
diagnostics,
Procedia Engg, 25(2011)71-75.
15. Agrawal G P, Nonlinear Fiber Optics 4th edn, (Academic Press,
San Diego, CA), 2007.
16. Cappellini G, Trillo S, Third-order three wave mixing in
single-mode fibers: exact solutions and spatial instability
effects, J Opt Soc Am B, 8(1991)824-838.
17. Barh A, Ghosh S, Agrawal G P, Varshney R K, Aggarwal I D, Pal B
P, Design of an efficient mid-IR light source using chalcogenide
holey fibers: A numerical
study, J Opt. 15(2013)035205 (4 pages);
doi:10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035205
18. Barh A, Ghosh S, Varshney R K, Pal B P, An efficient broad-band
mid-wave IR fiber optic light source: design and performance
simulation, Opt Exp,
21(2013)9547-9555.
19. Barh A, Ghosh S, Varshney R K, Pal B P, Sanghera J, Shaw L B,
Aggarwal I D, Mid-IR fiber optic light source around 6 µm through
parametric wavelength
translation, Laser Phys. 24(2014)115401 (7
pages); doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/24/11/115401
20. Almeida V R, Xu Q, Barrios C A, Lipson M L, Guiding and
confining light in void nanostructure, Opt Letts,
29(2004)1209-1211.
21. Sanchis P, Blasco J, Martínez A, Marti J, Design of
silicon-based slot waveguide Configurations for optimum nonlinear
performance, J Lightwave Tech,
25(2007)1298-1305.
22. Kumari B, Barh A, Varshney R K, Pal B P, Silicon-on-nitride
slot waveguide: A promising platform as mid-IR trace gas sensor,
Sensors and Actuators B,
236(2016)759-764.
23. Kumari B, Varshney R K, Pal B P, Design of chip-scale silicon
slot waveguide for sub-ppm detection of N2O gas at mid-IR band,
Sensors and Actuators B,
255(2016)3409-3416.
24. Jones T B, Spott A, Ilic R, Spott A, Penkov B, Asher W,
Hochberg M, Silicon-on-sapphire integrated waveguides for the
mid-infrared, Opt Exp,
18(2010)12127-12135.
25. Huang Y, Kalyoncu S K, Song Q, Boyraz O, Silicon-on-sapphire
waveguides design for mid-IR evanescent field absorption gas
sensors, Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Tech Digest OSA,
2012, Paper JW2A, 122(2012)1-2.
26. Barwitcz T, Watts M R, Popovic M A, Rakich P T, Socci L,
Kärtner F X, Ippen E P, Smith H I, Polarization-transparent
microphotonic devices in the strong
confinement limit, Nature Photon,
1(2007)57-60.
27. Kumari B, Varshney R K, Pal B P, Design of a
silicon-on-calcium-fluoride-based ultra-compact and highly
efficient polarization splitter for the mid-IR,
Opt
Eng, 58(2019)037102, 9 pages; doi:
10.1117/1.OE.58.3.037102
28. Zhang H, Huang Y, Das S, Li C, Yu M, Lo P G Q, Hong M, Thong J,
Polarization splitter using horizontal slot waveguide, Opt Exp,
21(2013)3363-3368.
29. Kumari B, Varshney R K, Pal B P, Design of a
silicon-on-calcium-fluoride-based compact and efficient
polarization rotator for the mid-IR, OSA Continuum
1(2018)1158-1171.
30. Nedeljkovic M, Khokhar A Z, Hu Y, Chen X, Penades J S,
Stankovic S, Chong H M H, Thomson D J, Gardes F Y, Reed G T,
Mashanovich G Z,Silicon
photonic devices and platforms for the mid-infrared, Opt Mater Exp, 3(2013)1205-1214.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 891-898
Trends in micro-optics and nanophotonics
technology
Amitava Ghosh, Amit K Agarwal and M P Singh
Instruments R & D Establishment, Raipur Road, Dehradun-248 008,
India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Micro-optics and nanophotonics cover areas of refractive and
diffractive micro-optics, metamaterials, photonic crystals, and
silicon photonics. Processes have been developed for the
fabrication of micro-optical elements like microlens arrays,
computer generated holograms and diffractive lenses. Applications
based on micro-optics like compact and lightweight cameras,
wavefront sensors, and aspheric optics testing using diffractive
null elements are being targeted. In collaboration with various
leading academic research groups in the country, futuristic
applications that use nanostructures based on metamaterials,
photonic crystals and silicon photonics are being identified. This
paper will cover major initiatives taken by IRDE (India) in the
area of micro-optics and nanophotonics technologies and their
defense applications. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Micro-optics, Nano photonics,
Metamaterials, Photonic crystals
Refs : 34
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 899-905
Broadband infrared emissivity
engineering in optically transparent
metamaterials
by regulation of electromagnetic
resonances
Nitish
Kumar Gupta1, Harshawardhan Wanare1,2 and S
Anantha Ramakrishna2
1Centre for Lasers and Photonics, Indian
Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, India
2Department of Physics, Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We
present designs of optically transparent metamaterial structures
with customizable emissivity response across the technologically
important Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) window. The proposed designs
have explicitly been conceived in a manner that separates the
micro-structuring and thin film deposition steps leading to
substantial fabrication process simplification, making them
suitable for mass production over large areas. These emissivity
engineered structures may be employed for digital spatial
modulation of inherent thermal radiation from an object, thereby
making them useful in encoding information for security
applications. Furthermore, based on the finite element simulations,
we have characterized the electromagnetic resonances of the
structure and briefly explained the underlying physical mechanisms
for the band-selective absorptivity. © Anita Publications. All
rights reserved.
Keywords: Emissivity, Metamaterial, Optical
Transparency, Resonance.
References
1. Zhong S, Jiang W, Xu P, Liu
T, Huang J, Ma Y, A radar-infrared bi-stealth structure based on
metasurfaces, Appl Phys Lett, 110(2017)1-5.
2. Zhang C, Yang J, Yuan W,
Zhao J, Dai J Y, Guo T C, Liang J, Xu G Y, Cheng Q, Cui T J, An
ultralight and thin metasurface for radar-infrared
bi-stealth
applications, J Phys D: Appl Phys, 50(2017)1-7.
3. Zhong S, Wu L, Liu T, Huang
J, Jiang W, Ma Y, Transparent transmission-selective radar-infrared
bi-stealth structure, Opt Express, 26(2018)16466-16476.
4. Dayal G, Ramakrishna S A,
Design of highly absorbing metamaterials for Infrared frequencies,
Opt Express, 20(2012)17503-17508.
5. Kumar R, Ramakrishna S A,
Simple trilayer metamaterial absorber associated with Fano-like
resonance, J Nanophoton, 14(2020)1-12.
6. Kumar R, Agarwal A K,
Ramakrishna S A, Development of a metamaterial structure for
large-area surfaces with specified infrared emissivity, Opt
Eng,
57(2018)1-9.
7. Dayal G, Ramakrishna S A,
Multipolar localized resonances for multi-band metamaterial perfect
absorbers, J Opt, 16(2014)1-6.
8. Dayal G, Ramakrishna S A,
Broadband infrared metamaterial absorber with visible transparency
using ITO as ground plane, Opt Express,
22(2014)15104-15110.
9. Granqvist C G, Hultåker A,
Transparent and conducting ITO films: new developments and
applications, Thin Solid Films, 411(2002)1–5.
10. Debenham M, Refractive indices of zinc
sulfide in the 0.405–13-μm wavelength range, Appl Opt,
23(1984)2238-2239.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 907-919
Degree
of polarization of a spectral electromagnetic Gaussian
Schell-model
beam
passing through 2-f and 4-f lens
systems
Rajneesh
Joshi and Bhaskar Kanseri*
Experimental
Quantum Interferometry and Polarization (EQUIP), Department of
Physics,
Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016,
India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Spectral
electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (SEGSM) beam is a
generalization of Gaussian Schell-model beam having parameters with
spectral dependence, which offers a basic classical model for
random electromagnetic wide-sense statistically stationary
beam-like fields. We study degree of polarization (DOP) of a SEGSM
beam passing through 2-f and 4-f lens systems. It is observed that
for a 2-f lens system, the spectral DOP at the back focal plane of
the lens changes with respect to the transverse position from the
optic axis, and the spectral parameters of the beam. For a 4-f lens
system, the spectral DOP at the back focal plane is independent of
the transverse position of the beam, whereas it depends on the beam
parameters such as mean value of rms beam-width, rms width of
correlation function, and size of aperture placed at the Fourier
plane of the lens system. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Schell-model beam,Vector
field,Coherence,Polarization.
References
1. Mandel L, Wolf E, Optical coherence and
quantum optics, (Cambridge Univ, Press, NewYork),
1995.
2. Wolf E, Introduction to Theory of Coherence
and Polarization of Light, (Cambridge Univ Press, New York),
2007.
3. Korotkova O, Salem M , Wolf E, Beam conditions
for radiation generated by an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model
source, Opt Lett,
11(2004)1173-1175.
4. Gori F, Santarsiero M, Piquero G, Borghi R,
Mondello A, Simon R, Partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model
beams, J Opt A:Pure Appl Opt, 3(2001)1-9.
5. Gori F, Santarsiero M, Borghi R,
Ramirez-Sanchez V, Realizability condition for electromagnetic
Schell-model sources, J Opt Soc Am A,
25(2008)1016-1021.
6. Shchepakina E, Korotkova O, Spectral Gaussian
Schell-model beams, Opt Lett, 38(2013)2233-2236.
7. Zhang L, Xu Z, Pu T, Zhang H, Wang J, Shen Y,
Change in the State of polarization of Gaussian Schell-model beam
propagating through non-Kolmogorov
turbulence, Res in Phys, 7(2017)4332-4336.
8. Jian W, Propagation of a Gaussian-Schell beam
through turbulent media, J Mod Opt, 37(1990)671-684.
9. Hauge P S, Survey of methods for the complete
determination of a state of polarization, SPIE, 88(1976)3-10;
doi.org/10.1117/12.955006
10. Berry H G, Gabrielse G, Livingston A E, Measurement of
the Stokes parameters of light, Appl Opt,
16(1977)3200-3205.
11. Demos S G, Alfano R R,Temporal gating in highly
scattering media by the degree of optical polarization, Opt Lett,
21(1996)161-163.
12. Cassidy D T, Lam S K L, Lakshmi B, Bruce D M, Strain
mapping by measurement of the degree of polarization of
photoluminescence, Appl Opt,
43(2004)1811-1818.
13. Tervo J, Setälä T, Friberg A T, Degree of coherence for
electromagnetic fields, Opt Exp, 11(2003)1137-1143.
14. Kanseri B , Optical Coherence and Polarization: An
Experimental Outlook (Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany),
2013.
15. Setälä T, Tervo J, Friberg A T, Contrasts of Stokes
parameters in young’s interference experiment and electromagnetic
degree of coherence, Opt Lett,
31(2006)2669-2671.
16. Setälä T,Tervo J, Friberg A T, Stokes parameters and
polarization contrasts in Young’s interference experiment, Opt
Lett, 31(2006)2208- 2210.
17. Kanseri B, Kandpal H C, Experimental determination of
two-point Stokes parameters for a partially coherent broadband
light beam, Opt Comm,
283(2010)4558-4562.
18. Leppanen L P, Saastamoinen K, Friberg A T, Setälä T,
Interferometric interpretation for the degree of polarization of
classical optical beams, New J Phys,
16(2014)1-15.
19. Kanseri B, Joshi R, Determination of temporal correlation
properties of electromagnetic optical fields, Opt Commun,
457(2020)1-5.
20. Zhao X, Visser T D, Agrawal G P, Controlling the degree
of polarization of partially coherent electromagnetic beams with
lenses, Opt Lett,
43(2018)2344-2347.
21. Wang F, Wu G, Liu X, Zhu S, Cai Y, Experimental
measurement of the beam parameters of an electromagnetic Gaussian
Schell-model source, Opt Lett,
36(2011)2722-2724.
22. Shirai T, Korotkova O, Wolf E, A method of generating
electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams, J Opt A: Pure Appl
Opt, 7(2005)232-237.
23. Lin Q, Cai Y, Tensor ABCD law for partially coherent
twisted Anisotropic Gaussian-Schell model beams, Opt Lett,
27(2002)216-218.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 921-928
Role of speckle grains in the information
optics
R K
Singh
Department
of Physics,
Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- 221
005, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Role of
speckle grain in the information optics is discussed and an
approach to recover the object from the speckle grain is described.
Possible uses of the different correlations of the speckle patterns
and their applications in the imaging are highlighted. It is
demonstrated that under suitable condition, it is possible to
recover the object from a speckle pattern. © Anita Publications.
All rights reserved.
Keywords: Wave propagation, Random scattering, Laser
speckle, Information Optics, Correlation optics
References
1. Goodman JW, Speckle phenomena in Optics:
Theory and Applications (Roberts & Company, USA),
2007.
2. Mehta D S, Naik D N, Singh R K, Takeda M,
Laser speckle reduction by multimode optical fiber bundle with
combined temporal, spatial, and angular
diversity, Appl Opt, 51(2012)1894-1904.
3. Tran T K T, Chen X, Svensen Ø, Akram M N,
Speckle reduction in laser projection using a dynamic deformable
mirror, Opt Express, 22(2014)11152-11166.
4. Pan J W, Shih C H, Speckle reduction and
maintaining contrast in a LASER pico-projector using a vibrating
symmetric diffuser, Opt Express,
22(2014)6464-6477.
5. Bianco V, Memmolo P, Leo M, Montresor S,
Distante C, Paturzo M, Picart P, Javidi B, Ferraro P, Strategies
for reducing speckle noise in digital holography,
Light: Science & Appl, 7(2018)48;
doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0050-9.
6. Heeman W, Steenbergen W, van Dam G M, Boerma E
C, Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a
review, J Bio Med Opt, 24(2019)080901;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.24.8.080901
7. Shirley L G, Lo P A, Bispectral analysis of
the wavelength dependence of speckle: remote sensing of object
shape J Opt Soc Am A, 11(1994)1025-1046.
8. Lewis G, Jordan D L, Remote sensing of
polarimetric speckle, J Phys D: Appl Phys, 34(2001)1399;
doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/9/317.
9. Rousset G, Fontanella J C, Kern P, Gigan P,
Rigaut F, Lena P, Boyer C, Jagourel P, Gaffard J P, Merkle, Astron
Astrophys, 230(1990)L29-L32.
10. Hashi Y, Yamada Y, Overview of diffuse optical tomography
and its clinical applications, J Bio Med Opt, 21(2016) 091312;
/doi.org/10.1117
/1.JBO.21.9.091312.
11. Popoff S M, Lerosey G, Carminati R, Fink M, Boccara A C,
Gigan S, Measuring the transmission matrix in optics: an approach
to the study and control of
light propagation in disordered media, Phys Rev Lett,
104(2010)100601;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.100601.
12. Lee K, Lee J, Park J H, Park Y, One-wave optical phase
conjugation mirror by actively coupling arbitrary light fields into
a single-mode reflector, Phys Rev
Lett, 115(2015)153902;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.153902
13. Wan L, Ji X, Singh R K, Chen Z, Pu J, Use of scattering
layer as a programmable spectrum filter, IEEE J Qunat Electron,
55(2019)6100306;
doi.10.1109/JQE.2019.2937983.
14. Freund I, Image reconstruction through multiple
scattering media, Opt Commun, 86(1991)216-227.
15. Freund I, Optical intensity fluctuations in multiply
scattering media, Opt Commun, 81(1991)251-258.
16. Freund I, Stokes-vector reconstruction, Opt Lett,
15(1990)1425-1427.
17. Idell P S, Fienup J R, Goodman R S, Image synthesis from
nonimaged laser-speckle patterns, Opt Lett,
12(1987)858-860.
18. Das B, Bisht N S, Vinu R V, Singh R K, Lensless complex
amplitude image retrieval through a visually opaque scattering
medium, Appl Opt,
56(2017)4591-4597.
19. Katz O, Small E, Silberberg Y, Looking around corners and
through thin turbid layers in real time with scattered incoherent
light, Nat Photon,
6(2012)549-553.
20. Singh A K, Naik D N, Pedrini G, Takeda M, Osten W,
Exploiting scattering media for exploring 3D objects, Light:
Science & Applications,
6(2017)e16219; doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2016.219.
21. Okamoto Y, Horisaki R, Tanida J, Noninvasive
three-dimensional imaging through scattering media by
three-dimensional speckle correlation, Opt Lett,
44(2019)2526-2529.
22. Horisaki R, Okamoto Y, Tanida J, Single-shot noninvasive
three-dimensional imaging through scattering media, Opt Lett,
44(2019)4032-4035.
23. Naik D N, Singh R K, Ezawa T, Miyamoto Y, Takeda M,
Photon correlation holography, Opt Express,
19(2011)1408-1421.
24. Singh R K, Hybrid correlation holography with a single
pixel detector, Opt Lett, 42(2017)2515-2518.
25. Brown R H, Twiss R Q, Correlation between photons in two
coherent beams of light, Nature, 177(1956)27-29.
26. Brown R H, Twiss R Q, Interferometry of the intensity
fluctuations in light-i. basic theory: the correlation between
photons in coherent beams of radiation,
Proc Roy Soc (London) Sec A, 242(1957)300-324.
27. Mandel L, Wolf E, Optical coherence and quantum optics,
(Cambridge Univ Press), 1995.
28. Takeda M, Opt Lett, Spatial stationarity of statistical
optical fields for coherence holography and photon correlation
holography, 38(2013)3452-3455.
29. Singh R K, Vinu R V, Sharma A, Recovery of complex valued
objects from two-point intensity correlation measurement, Appl Phys
Lett,
104(2014)111108; doi.org/10.1063/1.4869123.
30. Somkuwar A S, Das B, Vinu R V, Park Y K, Singh R K,
Holographic imaging through a scattering layer using speckle
interferometry, J Opt Soc Am A,
34(2017)1392-1399.
31. Singh R K, Vyas S, Miyamoto Y, Lensless Fourier transform
holography for coherence waves, J Opt, 19(2017)115705;
doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aa8b8f.
32. Singh D, Singh R K, Lensless Stokes holography with the
Hanbury Brown-Twiss approach, Opt Express,
26(2018)10801-10812.
33. Takeda M, Wang W, Naik D N, Singh R K, Spatial
statistical optics and spatial correlation holography: a review Opt
Rev, 21(2014)849-861.
34. Goodan J W, Fourier Optics, (Roberts & Company),
2004.
35. Soni N K, Vinu R V, Singh R K, Polarization modulation
for imaging behind the scattering medium, Opt Lett, 41
(2016)906-909.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 929-940
Imaging based system for performing total leukocyte count in minute
volumes of human blood
Bhargab
Das1,*, Swati Bansal1, Girish C
Mohanta2, Sanjit K
Debnath3, Raj
Kumar3 and Prateek
Bhatia4
1Advanced
Materials and Sensors Division,
CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh-160 030,
India
2Ubiquitous
Analytical Techniques Division,
CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh-160 030,
India
3Optical
Devices & Systems Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments
Organization, Chandigarh-160 030, India
4Advanced
Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research (PGIMER),
Chandigarh-160
012, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total
leukocyte (white blood cells, WBCs) count is one of the most
frequently ordered clinical tests in hospitals assisting with
diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. Counting of WBCs can
be performed either manually using conventional light microscopes
or automatically using specialized equipment. Manual methods are
inexpensive, but they are more laborious and time consuming as well
as being error-prone because of small field-of-view of conventional
light microscopes. Automatic techniques provide statistically more
accurate results but the required equipment and other resources are
very expensive and simultaneously require large volumes of blood.
As a result, the current research efforts are being carried out
towards the development of portable easy to use blood cell count
technologies. In an effort towards this direction, we present here
our recent experimental results towards the realization of a
portable, low-cost, image based system for performing total
leukocyte count in minute volumes of human blood. Both
interferometric and non-interferometric methods are explored for
imaging of stained and unstained blood smear samples. Mach-Zehnder
based digital holographic configuration is studied using coherent
light source. In addition, in order to get rid of speckle noise, we
also explored a white light interferometer based on diffraction
phase microscopy technique. Finally, a non-interferometric concept
implemented with selective fluorescent tagging of WBCs is realized.
This fluorescence imaging based concept together with automated
image processing and analysis provides a powerful technique for
distinguishing WBCs and RBCs, as well as counting the number of
WBCs in the field of view. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Total leukocyte count, White blood cells,
Digital holography, Interferometry, White-light interferometry,
Fluorescence imaging, Acridine orange, Image processing, Cell
counting.
References
1. Mahouy G, Lund P R,Chinn S, Barnes R D,The use
of automated image analysis in differential white cell counting,
Scandinavian J Hematology,
10(1973)315-318.
2. Seo S, Isikman S O, Sencan I, Mudanyall O, Su
T-W, Bishara W, Erlinger A, Ozcan A, High-throughput lens-free
blood analysis on a chip, Anal Chem,
82(2010)4621-4627.
3. Zhu H, Sencan I, Wong J, Dimitrov S, Tseng D,
Nagashima K, Ozcan A, Cost-effective and rapid blood analysis on a
cell-phone, Lab Chip,
13(2013)1282-1288.
4. Chung J, Ou X, Kulkarni R P, Yang C, Counting
white blood cells from a blood smear using Fourier ptychographic
microscopy, PLoS One,
10(2015)0133489; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133489
5. Hoffman R A, Johnson T S, Britt W B, Flow
cytometric electronic direct current volume and radiofrequency
impedance measurement of single cells and
particles, Cytometry,
1(1981)377-384.
6. Holmes D, Pettigrew D, Reccius C H, Gwyer J D,
van Berkel C, Holloway J, Davies D E, Morgan H, Leukocyte analysis
and differentiation using high
speed microfluidic single cell impedance cytometry, Lab Chip,
9(2009) 2881-2889
7. Buttarello M, Plebani M, Automated blood cell
counts, Hematopathology, 130(2008)104-116.
8. Shi W, Blood cell count on-a-chip, Ph D
Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California,
2013.
9. Brown M, Wittwer C, Flow cytometry: principles
and clinical applications in hematology, Clin Chem, 46(2000)
1221-1229.
10. Zheng S, Lin J C-H, Kasdan H L, Tai Y-C, Fluorescent
labeling, sensing, and differentiation of leukocytes from undiluted
whole blood samples Sensors and
Actuators B, 132(2008)558-567.
11. Golan L, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Minai L, Dann E J, Yelin D,
Noninvasive imaging of flowing blood cells using label-free
spectrally encoded flow cytometry
Biomed, Opt Express, 3(2012)1455-1564.
12. Shi W, Guo L, Kasdan H, Tai Y-C, Four-part leukocyte
differential count based on sheathless microflow cytometer and
fluorescent dye, Lab Chip,
13(2013)1257-1265.
13.
https://www.hemocue.com/en/solutions/hematology/hemocue-wbc-system.
14.
https://www.sysmex.com/us/en/Products/Hematology/3PartDiff/Pages/pocHi-Hematology-Analyzer.aspx.
15. Schnars U, Juptner W, Direct recording of holograms by a
CCD target and numerical reconstruction, Appl Opt,
33(1994)179-181.
16. Cuche E, Marquet P, Depeursinge C, Simultaneous
amplitude-contrast and quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by
numerical reconstruction of Fresnel
off-axis holograms, Appl Opt, 38(1999)6994-7001.
17. Das B, Yelleswarapu C S, Dual plane in-line digital
holographic microscopy, Opt Lett, 35(2010)3426-3428.
18. Varghese A, Das B, Singh R K, Highly stable lensless
digital holography using cyclic lateral shearing interferometer and
residual decollimated beam, Opt
Commun, 422(2018)3-7.
19. Park Y-K, Popescu G, Badizadegan K, Dasari, R R, Feld, M
S, Diffraction phase and fluorescence microscopy, Opt Express,
14(2006)8263-8268.
20. Popescu G, Ikeda T, Dasari R R, Feld M S, Diffraction
phase microscopy for quantifying cell structure and dynamics, Opt
Lett, 31(2006)775-777.
21. Bhaduri B, Pham H, Mir M, Popescu G, Diffraction phase
microscopy with white light, Opt Lett,
37(2012)1094-1096.
22. Melamed M R, Adams L R, Zimring A, Murnick J G, Mayer K,
Preliminary evaluation of acridine orange as a vital stain for
automated differential
leukocyte counts, Am J Clinical Pathology,
57(1972)95-102.
23. Smith Z J, Gao T, Chu K, Lane S M, Matthews D L, Dwyre D
M, Hood J, Tatsukawa K, Heifetz L, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Single-step
preparation and
image-based counting of minute volumes of human blood, Lab Chip,
14(2014)3029-3036.
24. Adams L R, Kamentsky L A, Machine characterization of
human leukocytes by acridine orange fluorescence, Acta Cytologica,
15(1971)289-291.
25. Jahanmehr S A, Hyde K, Geary C G, Cinkotai K I, Maciver J
E, Simple technique for fluorescence staining of blood cells with
acridine orange, J Clinical
Pathology, 40(1987)926-929.
26. Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z, Lysosomal proton pump
activity: supravital cell staining with acridine orange
differentiates leukocyte subpopulations,
Methods Cell Biol, 41(1994)185-194.
27. Powless A J, Conley R J, Freeman K A, Muldoon T J,
Considerations for point-of-care diagnostics: evaluation of
acridine orange staining and post-
processing methods for a three-part leukocyte differential test, J
Biomed Opt, 22(2017)035001;
doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.3.035001
28. Forcucci A, Pawlowski M E, Majors C, Richards-Kortum R,
Tkaczyk T S, All-plastic, miniature, digital fluorescence
microscope for three-part white blood
cell differential measurements at the point of care, Biomed Opt Express, 6 (2015)4433-4446.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 941-946
Noise
sensitivity of the fast two-step fractional fringe detection
method
in digital holography
Kedar
Khare
Department
of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
Hauz
Khas, New Delhi- 110 016, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Accurate
fractional fringe detection is an important problem in off-axis
digital holography. Unless the carrier frequency peak in 2D Fourier
transform of a recorded digital hologram is detected to sub-pixel
accuracy, the reconstructed phase shows artifacts in the form of
ramp phase background. Recently, we have presented a fast and
robust two-step approach for fractional fringe detection that uses
a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation followed by local Discrete
Cosine Transform (DCT) operation. In this work, we present
sensitivity of this two-step fractional fringe detection method to
Poisson noise. The aim of this analysis is to establish the
detectability of fractional fringe shift for a given light level or
for noise level associated with a realistic array sensor. It is
observed that the two-step procedure is robust and provides
accurate estimate of fractional fringe shift down to light level of
100 photon counts on average per pixel. © Anita Publications. All
rights reserved.
Keywords: Fractional fringe detection, Interferometry,
Digital holograhy.
References
1. Takeda M, Ina H, Kobayashi S,
Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer
based topography and interferometry, J Opt Soc Am
A,72(1982)156-160.
2. Du Y, Feng G, Li H, Accurate carrier-removal
technique based on zero padding in Fourier transform method for
carrier interferogram analysis, Optik,
125(2014)1056-1061.
3. Singh M, Khare K, Accurate efficient carrier
estimation for single-shot digital holographic imaging, Opt Lett,
41(2016)4871-4874.
4. Lahrberg M, Singh M, Khare K, Ahluwalia B,
Accurate estimation of the illumination pattern’s orientation and
wavelength in sinusoidal structured
illumination microscopy, Appl Opt, 57(2018)1019-1025.
5. Guizar-Sicairos M, Thurman S, Fienup J R,
Efficient subpixel image registration algorithms, Opt Lett,
33(2008) 156-158.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics
Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 947-960
Asymmetric color image encryption mechanism using equal
modulus
and random decomposition in hybrid transform
domain
Pankaj
Rakheja1, Phool Singh2, A K
Yadav3* and Akhil Arora1
1Department
of EECE, The North Cap University, Gurugram- 122 017,
India
2Department
of Mathematics (SOET),Central University of Haryana,
Mahendergarh-609 602, India
3Department
of Mathematics, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University
Haryana, Gurugram- 122 413, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This
paper presents a color image encryption mechanism utilizing equal
modulus decomposition and random decomposition in hybrid transform
domain. A 4D hyperchaotic system is employed for pixel swap over
procedure. Its initial conditions and parameters broaden the key
space. Kekre, Walsh and fractional Fourier transforms are used in
generation of hybrid transform. The proposed encryption mechanism
which possesses non-linear properties has higher resistance to
brute force attacks owing to extended key space. Numerical
simulations have been performed to validate and verify the
performance of the proposed mechanism. The results obtained clearly
demonstrate robustness of the proposed mechanism to noise attack
and special attack. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Color image encryption; Asymmetric cryptosystem;
Equal modulus decomposition; Random modulus
decomposition
References
1. Refregier P, Javidi B,
Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane
random encoding, Opt Lett, 20(1995)767-769.
2. Unnikrishnan G, Joseph J,
Singh K, Optical encryption by double-random phase encoding in the
fractional Fourier domain, Opt Lett, 25(2000)887-889.
3. Hennelly B, Sheridan J T,
Optical image encryption by random shifting in fractional Fourier
domains, Opt Lett, 28(2003)269-271.
4. Nishchal N K, Joseph J, Singh K,
Securing information using fractional Fourier transform in digital
holography, Opt Commun, 235(2004)253-259.
5. Abuturab M R, Group
multiple-image encoding and watermarking using coupled logistic
maps and gyrator wavelet transform, J Opt Soc Am
A,
32(2015)1811-1820.
6. Liu Z, Chen H, Liu T, Li P,
Xu L, Dai J, Liu S, Image encryption by using gyrator transform and
Arnold transform, J Electron Imaging,
20(2011)013020;
doi:10.1117/1.3557790.
7. Zhou N, Wang Y, Gong L,
Novel optical image encryption scheme based on fractional Mellin
transform, Opt Commun, 284(2011)3234-3242.
8. Chen L, Zhao D, Optical
image encryption with Hartley transforms, Opt Lett,
31(2006)3438-3440.
9. Mehra I, Nishchal N K,
Image fusion using wavelet transform and its application to
asymmetric cryptosystem and hiding, Opt Express,
22(2014)5474-5482.
10. Situ G, Zhang J, Double random-phase
encoding in the Fresnel domain, Opt Lett, 29(2004)1584-1586.
11. Chen W, Chen X, Sheppard CJR, Optical
image encryption based on diffractive imaging, Opt Lett,
35(2010)3817-3819.
12. Liu W, Liu Z, Liu S, Asymmetric
cryptosystem using random binary phase modulation based on mixture
retrieval type of Yang-Gu algorithm, Opt Lett,
38(2013)1651-1653.
13. Javidi B, Nomura T, Securing
information by use of digital holography, Opt Lett,
25(2000)28-30.
14. Nomura T, Javidi B, Optical encryption
using a joint transform correlator architecture, Opt Eng,
39(2000)2031-2036.
15. Singh P, Yadav A K, Singh K, Saini I,
Optical image encryption in the fractional Hartley domain, using
Arnold transform and singular value
decomposition, AIP Conf Proc,
1802(2017)020017;doi:10.1063/1.4973267.
16. Tajahuerce E, Matoba O, Verrall SC,
Javidi B, Optoelectronic information encryption with phase-shifting
interferometry, Appl Opt, 39(2000)2313-2320.
17. Huang J-J, Hwang H-E, Chen C-Y, Chen
C-M, Lensless multiple-image optical encryption based on improved
phase retrieval algorithm, Appl Opt,
51(2012)2388-2394.
18. Peng X, Zhang P, Wei H, Yu B,
Known-plaintext attack on optical encryption based on double random
phase keys, Opt Lett, 31(2006)1044-1046.
19. Gopinathan U, Monaghan D S, Naughton T
J, Sheridan J T, A known-plaintext heuristic attack on the Fourier
plane encryption algorithm, Opt Express,
14(2006)3181-3186.
20. Biryukov A, Chosen Ciphertext Attack,
Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, (Springer, Boston, MA),
2011, pp 205-205.
21. Biryukov A, Known Plaintext Attack,
Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, (Springer, Boston, MA),
2011, pp 704-705.
22. Frauel Y, Castro A, Naughton T J,
Javidi B, Resistance of the double random phase encryption against
various attacks, Opt Express, 15(2007)10253-10265.
23. Qin W, Peng X, Asymmetric cryptosystem
based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms, Opt Lett,
35(2010)118-120.
24. Wang X, Zhao D, Security enhancement
of a phase-truncation based image encryption algorithm, Appl Opt,
50(2011) 6645-6651.
25. Wang X, Zhao D, Simultaneous nonlinear
encryption of grayscale and color images based on phase-truncated
fractional Fourier transform and optical
superposition principle, Appl Opt, 52(2013)6170-6178.
26. Qin W, Universal and special keys
based on phase-truncated Fourier transform, Opt Eng,
50(2011)080501; doi:10.1117/1.3607421.
27. Wang X, Zhao D, A special attack on
the asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier
transforms, Opt Commun, 285(2012)1078-1081.
28. Wang Y, Quan C, Tay C J, Improved
method of attack on an asymmetric cryptosystem based on
phase-truncated Fourier transform, Appl Opt,
54(2015)6874-6881.
29. Rajput S K, Nishchal N K,
Known-plaintext attack-based optical cryptosystem using
phase-truncated Fresnel transform, Appl Opt, 52(2013)871-878.
30. Rajput S K, Nishchal N K,
Known-plaintext attack on encryption domain independent optical
asymmetric cryptosystem, Opt Commun, 309(2013)231-235.
31. Wang X, Zhao D, Amplitude-phase
retrieval attack free cryptosystem based on direct attack to
phase-truncated Fourier-transform-based encryption using
a
random amplitude mask, Opt Lett, 38(2013)3684-3686.
32. Wang X, Chen Y, Dai C, Zhao D,
Discussion and a new attack of the optical asymmetric cryptosystem
based on phase-truncated Fourier transform, Appl
Opt, 53(2014) 208-213.
33. Cai J, Shen X, Lei M, Lin C, Dou S,
Asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and
equal modulus decomposition, Opt Lett,
40(2015)475-478.
34. Deng X, Asymmetric optical
cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and equal modulus
decomposition: comment, Opt Lett, 40(2015)3913-3913.
35. Barfungpa S P, Abuturab M R,
Asymmetric cryptosystem using coherent superposition and equal
modulus decomposition of fractional Fourier
spectrum,
Opt Quantum Electron, 48(2016)520;
doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0786-5.
36. Chen H, Tanougast C, Liu Z, Sieler L,
Asymmetric optical cryptosystem for color image based on equal
modulus decomposition in gyrator transform
domains, Opt Lasers Eng, 93(2017)1-8.
37. Fatima A, Mehra I, Nishchal NK,
Optical image encryption using equal modulus decomposition and
multiple diffractive imaging, J Opt,
18(2016)085701;
doi:10.1088/2040-8978/18/8/085701.
38. Chen H, Liu Z, Zhu L, Tanougast C,
Blondel W, Asymmetric color cryptosystem using chaotic Ushiki map
and equal modulus decomposition in fractional
Fourier transform domains, Opt Lasers Eng, 112(2019)7-15.
39. Cai J, Shen X, Modified optical
asymmetric image cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and
equal modulus decomposition, Opt Laser Technol,
95(2017)105-112.
40. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, Asymmetric
hybrid encryption scheme based on modified equal modulus
decomposition in hybrid multi-resolution wavelet
domain, J Mod Opt, 66(2019)799-811.
41. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, Kumar R, An
iris biometric protection scheme using 4D hyperchaotic system and
modified equal modulus decomposition in
hybrid multi resolution wavelet domain, Opt Quantum Electron,
51(2019) 204; doi:10.1007/s11082-019-1921-x.
42. Wang Y, Quan C, Tay C J, New method of
attack and security enhancement on an asymmetric cryptosystem based
on equal modulus decomposition, Appl
Opt, 55(2016)679-686.
43. Xu H, Xu W, Wang S, Wu S, Phase-only
asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on random modulus
decomposition, J Mod Opt, 65(2018)1245-1252.
44. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, An
asymmetric watermarking scheme based on random decomposition in
hybrid multi-resolution wavelet domain using 3D
Lorenz chaotic system, Optik, 198(2019)163289;
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163289.
45. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, An
asymmetric hybrid cryptosystem using hyperchaotic system and random
decomposition in hybrid multi resolution wavelet
domain, Multimed. Tools Appl, 78(2019)20809-20834.
46. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, An
asymmetric hybrid cryptosystem using equal modulus and random
decomposition in hybrid transform domain, Opt
Quantum
Electron, 51(2019)54; doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.088.
47. Xu H, Xu W, Wang S, Wu S, Asymmetric
optical cryptosystem based on modulus decomposition in Fresnel
domain, Opt Commun, 402(2017)302-310.
48. Chen A, Lu J, Lü J, Yu S, Generating
hyperchaotic Lü attractor via state feedback control, Phys Stat
Mech Its Appl, 364(2006)103-110.
49. Lohmann A W, Image rotation, Wigner
rotation, and the fractional Fourier transform, J Opt Soc Am,
10(1993) 2181-2186.
50. Candan C, Kutay M A, Ozaktas H M, The
discrete fractional Fourier transform, IEEE Trans Signal Process,
48(2000)1329-1337.
51. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, Optical
asymmetric watermarking using 4D hyperchaotic system and modified
equal modulus decomposition in hybrid multi
resolution wavelet domain, Optik, 176(2019)425-437.
52. Rakheja P, Vig R, Singh P, A hybrid
multiresolution wavelet transform based encryption scheme, AIP Conf
Proc, 2061(2019)020008;
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.088.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics
Vol.
28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 961-981
Plasmonic nanowire coupled to zero-dimensional nanostructures: A
brief review
Sunny
Tiwari1, Chetna Taneja1 and G V
Pavan Kumar1,2*
1Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Pune-411 008, India
2Center for Energy Science, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research, Pune-411 008, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Metal
nanowires and nanoparticles that facilitate surface plasmons are of
contemporary interest in nanophotonics, thermoplasmonics and
optoelectronics. They facilitate not only subwavelength light
propagation and localization capabilities, but also provide an
excellent platform for opto-thermal effects confined to volumes
down to the nanoscale. This brief review article aims to provide an
overview of a specific nanophotonic geometry: a plasmonic nanowire
coupled to a zero-dimensional nanostructure. We discuss the methods
to prepare such nano-architectures and review some interesting
nanophotonic applications that arise out of it. We conclude with a
discussion on some emerging research directions that can be
facilitated by employing the coupled nanostructures. © Anita
Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Nanowire-nanoparticle junction, Surface plasmon
polaritons, Surface enhanced Raman scattering, Remote excitation,
Fourier plane imaging.
Total
Refs : 98
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 983-988
Phase reconstruction using compressive parallel phase shift
digital
holography with Haar wavelet sparsification
Prakash
Ramachandran1 and Anith
Nelleri2
1Vellore
Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu,
India
2Vellore
Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, 600 127, Tamilnadu,
India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Parallel phase shift digital holography (PPSDH) is a single exposure linear holographic scheme and much suitable for 3D imaging of moving specimens. The linearity of this scheme fits well in to the compressive sensing (CS) frame work. In this paper, we have proposed a method in which the compressive sensing is applied to a two-step parallel phase shift digital holography with Haar wavelet sparsification. A superior phase reconstruction was obtained by this method since the CS approach compensates the noise in the retrieved Fresnel field computed from PPSDH holograms that aroused due to the loss of pixels and approximations involved in parallel phase shift digital holography scheme. The robustness of this CS based method was demonstrated by performing the reconstruction from holograms in which only 50% of the detected Fresnel field sample points were retained. Three methods have been compared such as conventional PPSDH, CS based PPSDH and CS-PPSDH with Haar wavelet sparsified object field. The results show that wavelet sparsified CS-PPSDH is superior to other methods in quantitative phase information reconstruction. The results are presented from numerical experiments to demonstrate the concept. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Digital holography, Phase reconstruction, Compressive sensing, Parallel phase shift digital holography, Sparsity, Wavelet sparsification.
References
1. Brady D J, Choi K, Marks D L, Horisaki R, Lim
S, Compressive Holography, Opt Express,17(2009 )13040-13049.
2. Rivenson Y, Stern A, Javidi
B, Overview of compressive sensing techniques applied in
holography, Appl Opt, 52(2013)A423-A432.
3. Rivenson Y, Stern A, Javidi
B, Compressive Fresnel Holography, J Disp Technol,
6(2010)506-512.
4. Rivenson Y, Stern A,
Conditions for practicing compressive Fresnel holography, Opt Lett,
36(2011)3365-3367.
5. Ramachandran P, Alex Z C,
Nelleri A, Compressive Fresnel digital holography using Fresnelet
based sparse representation, Opt Commun,
340(2015)110-115.
6. Ke K, Ashok A, Neifeld M A,
Block-wise motion detection using compressive imaging system, Opt
Commun, 284(2011)1170-1180.
7. Wu X, Yu Y, Zhou W, Asundi
A, 4f amplified in-line compressive holography, Opt Express,
22(2014)19860-19872.
8. Rivenson Y, Stern A, Javidi
B, Improved depth resolution by single-exposure in-line compressive
holography, Appl Opt, 52(2013)A223-A231.
9. Wan Y, Man T, Wu F, Kim M,
Wang D, Parallel phase-shifting self-interference digital
holography with faithful reconstruction using compressive
sensing,
Opt Laser Eng, 86(2016)38-43.
10. Ramachandran P, Alex Z C, A. Nelleri
A, Phase Reconstruction Using Compressive Two Step Parallel Phase
Shifting Digital Holography, Opt Eng,
57(2018)043105; doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.57.4.043105.
11. Candès E, Compressive sampling,
Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians,
Madrid, Spain, (2006)1-20
12. Donoho D L, Compressed sensing, IEEE
Trans on Inf Theory, 52(2006)1289-1306.
13. Candès E, Romberg J, Sparsity and
incoherence in compressive sampling, Inverse Problems,
23(2007)969-985.
14. Candes E, Wakin M, Gradient projection
for sparse reconstruction, IEEE Signal Process Mag,
25(2008)21-30.
15. Figueiredo M A T, Nowak R D, Wright S
J, Gradient projection for sparse reconstruction, IEEE J Sel Topics
Signal Process, 1(2007)586-597.
16. Yamaguchi I, Zhang T, Parallel
quasi-phase digital holography, Opt Lett, 22(1997)1268-1270.
17. Awatsuji Y, Sasada M, Kubota T,
Parallel quasi-phase digital holography, Appl Phys Lett,
85(2004)1069-1071.
18. Awatsuji Y, Tahara T, Kaneko A, Koyama
T, Nishio K, Ura S, Kubota T, Matoba O, Improving image quality of
parallel phase-shifting digital holography, J
Phys: Conf Ser, 139(2008)012009;
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/139/1/012009.
19. Meng X F, Cai L Z, Xu X F, Yang X L,
Shen X X, Dong G Y, Wang Y R, Two-step phase-shifting
interferometry and its application in image
encryption,
Opt Lett, 31(2006)1414-1416.
20. Nelleri A, Gopinathan U, Joseph J,
Singh K,Three-dimensional object recognition from digital Fresnel
hologram by wavelet matched filtering, Opt
Commun, 259(2006)499-506.
21. Nelleri A, Joseph J, Singh K,
Recognition and classification of three-dimensional phase objects
by digital Fresnel holography, Appl Opt,
45(2006)4046-4053.
22. Nelleri A, Joseph J, Singh K, Digital
holography for three-dimensional information processing:
Application to object recognition and information
security,
Asian J Phys, 15(2006)253-273.
23. Nelleri A, Joseph J, Singh K, “Phase
reconstruction in lensless digital in-line holographic microscopy,
Opt Lasers Eng, 48(2010)27-31.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 989-1013
Vectorial imaging techniques for insights into the principles of
optical tweezers
Sirshendu Dinda
and Debabrata Goswami
Department of
Chemistry
Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur-208 016, India.
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Optical tweezers work on the principle that microscopic particles
may be immobilized by the application of an intense photon flux,
which may be attained under tight focusing conditions. To elucidate
the behaviour and mechanism of this tweezing action, herein we
perform numerical studies and investigate the intensity
distribution at the focusing spot under tight focusing conditions.
With a high numerical aperture optical lens, the influence of the
incident beam polarization on the intensity distribution of
focusing spot is very significant. A linearly polarized incident
beam induces an asymmetric focusing spot, which is elongated along
the polarization direction of the incident beam. The incident beam
profile influences the shape of the focusing spot. We show here how
introducing an optical mask in front of the optical lens can induce
many impressive results; e.g., incident beam modulated by an
amplitude mask induces a sub-diffraction limit focusing spot which
is relevant to further studies on optical tweezers. We also
demonstrate the effects of considering interfaces of different
numerical apertures in an optical setup. Thus, we report on the
multiple aspects of light-matter interactions for high numerical
aperture lens setups, wherein we show through simulations and
experiments, the characteristics of such systems that are of use to
the broader optics community. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Vectorial imaging, Intensity
distribution patterns, Amplitude masks, Optical
tweezers
References
1. Born M, Wolf E, Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of
propagation, interference, and diffraction of light, 7th edn,
(Cambridge University Press), 1999.
2. Hecht E, Optics, (Pearson education, Addison-Wesley),
2002.
3. Gu M, Advanced optical imaging theory, Springer Series in
Optical Sciences, 75(1999)1-214.
4. Wolf E, Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems I. An
integral representation of the image field, Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A.
Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
253(1959)349-357.
5. Richards B,Wolf E, Electromagnetic diffraction in optical
systems. II. structure of the image field in an aplanatic system,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
253(1959) 358-371.
6. Youngworth K S,Brown T G, Focusing of high numerical aperture
cylindrical-vector beams, Opt Express, 7(2000)77-87.
7. Foreman M R, Török P, Computational methods in vectorial
imaging, J Mod Opt, 58(2011)339-364.
8. Rohrbach A, Stiffness of Optical Traps: Quantitative Agreement
between Experiment and Electromagnetic Theory, Phys Rev Lett,
95(2005)168102;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.168102.
9. Hell S, Stelzer E H K, Properties of a 4pi confocal fluorescence
microscope, J Opt Soc Am A, 9(1992)2159-2166.
10. Sheppard C J R, Wilson T, Gaussian-beam theory of lenses with
annular aperture, IEE Journal on Microwaves Optics and Acoustics,
2(1978)105-112.
11. Wang H, Shi L, Lukyanchuk B, Sheppard C, Chong C T, Creation of
a needle of longitudinally polarized light in vacuum using binary
optics, Nat Photon,
2(2008)501-505.
12. Kozawa Y, Sato S, Focusing property of a double-ring-shaped
radially polarized beam, Opt Lett, 31(2006)820-822.
13. Kuga T, Torii Y, Shiokawa N, HiranoT, ShimizuY, Sasada H, Novel
optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam, Phys Rev Lett,
78(1997)4713-4716.
14. Liu T, Tan J, Liu J, Tighter focusing of amplitude-modulated
radially polarized vector beams in ultra-high numerical aperture
lens systems, Opt Commun,
294(2013)21-23.
15. Khonina S N, Simple phase optical elements for narrowing of a
focal spot in high-numerical-aperture conditions, Opt Eng,
52(2013)091711;
doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.52.9.091711.
16. Sheppard C J R, Choudhury A, Annular pupils, radial
polarization, and superresolution, Appl Opt,
43(2004)4322-4327.
17. Patton B R, Burke D, Vrees R, Booth M J, Is phase-mask
alignment aberrating your STED microscope?, Methods Appl Fluoresce,
3(2015)024002;
doi:10.1088/2050-6120/3/2/024002.
18. Guo H, Weng X, Jiang M, Zhao Y, Sui G, Hu Q, Wang Y, Zhuang S,
Tight focusing of a higher-order radially polarized beam
transmitting through multi-zone
binary phase pupil filters, Opt Express,
21(2013)5363-5372.
19. Bokor N, Davidson N, Generation of a hollow dark spherical spot
by 4-pi focusing of a radially polarized Laguerre-Gaussian beam,
Opt Lett, 31(2006)149-151.
20. Sales T R M, Morris G M, Axial superresolution with phase-only
pupil filters, Opt Commun, 156(1998)227-230.
21. Jabbour T G, Kuebler S M, Vector diffraction analysis of high
numerical aperture focused beams modified by two- and three-zone
annular multi-phase plates,
Opt Express, 14(2006)1033-1043.
22. Huang Z, Hao Z, Zhu L, Axial multifocal binary-phase zone plate
for high numerical aperture focusing, Opt Eng,
55(2016)123101;
doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.55.12.123101.
23. Gould T J, Burke D, Bewersdorf J, Booth M J, Adaptive optics
enables 3d STED microscopy in aberrating specimens, Opt Express,
20(2012)20998-21009.
24. Murray J M, Wei J, Barnes J O, Slagle J E, Guha S, Measuring
refractive index using the focal displacement method, Appl Opt,
53(2014)3748-3752.
25. Török P, Varga P, Laczik Z, Booker G R, Electromagnetic
diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between
materials of mismatched refractive
indices: an integral representation, J Opt Soc
Am A, 12(1995)325-332.
26. Török P, Varga P, Konkol A, Booker G R, Electromagnetic
diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between
materials of mismatched refractive
indices: structure of the electromagnetic field
II, J Opt Soc Am A, 13(1996)2232-2238.
27. Mondal D, Dinda S, Bandyopadhyay S N, Goswami D, Polarization
induced control of optical trap potentials in binary liquids, Sci
Rep, 9(2019)700;
doi.10.1038/s41598-018-36856-5.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1027-1034
Consideration of freshness and taste of Japanese tomatoes -
Comparison of laser biospeckle,
and different sensing technologies with human perception
Uma
Maheswari Rajagopalan1,2, Yuya Tanaka2 and
Hirofumi Kadono3
1SIT Research Lab Shibaura Institute of Technology,
Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan
2Depaerment of Food science and Nutrition, Toyo
University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
3Graduate School of Enviornment Science, Saitama
University, Saitama city, Japan
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
There
has been a growing interest in the application of non-invasive
laser biospeckle activity in the assessment of agricultural
products such as tomato, Indian fruits, apples and so on and
compare with other physical measures such as acid and starch
content. In this study, we have compared characteristics of
tomatoes by optical sensing along with taste and smell measurements
in addition to human taste perception. We have employed
non-invasive optical method of speckle imaging, smell and taste
sensor devices for evaluation of freshness of tomatoes stored at
room temperature. Tomatoes purchased from a local supermarket were
used for measurements. Movies of biospeckle images acquired with a
CMOS camera (1024 × 280 pixels) binned to 240 × 320 pixels sampled
at the rate of 15 fps were obtained over a period of 14 sec.
Calculating cross-correlation coefficient of biospeckle images at
different times with that at time 0 and further quantifying the
correlation coefficient (r) at 14th sec as a parameter, it has been
found that correlation coefficient decreased as a function of days
matching the expectations due to reduction in the cellular activity
within the tomato sample due to aging of the sample. We also
conducted smell and taste measurements by electronic nose and lipid
based taste sensor in addition to human sensing evaluations both of
which revealed that the older tomatoes (15 days old) to be tasting
better. Comparison of freshness and taste revealed that freshness
and taste quality do not always agree. Biospeckle can detect
deterioration as early as third day. At the same time, both taste
measurement and human perception results suggest for a longer
storage to be delicious. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Biospeckle, Tomato, Perception, Freshness,
Scattering
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1035-1048
Optical metrology via the photorefractive
effect
Arun
Anand1 and C S
Narayanamurthy2
1Applied
Physics Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M S
University of Baroda,
Kalabhavan
P. B. No 51, Vadodara – 390 001, India
2Department
of Physics, Indian Institute of Space Science and
Technology(IIST)
Valiamala
(PO), Thiruvananthapuram 695 547, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
By
exploiting the two wave mixing phenomena in crystals of sillienite
family like Bi12SiO20 (Bismuth Silicon Oxide) and Bi12TiO20
(Bismuth Titanium Oxide) optical metrological applications like
stress and strain measurements and testing of optical elements can
be carried out. In this paper, we report physics of two wave mixing
phenomena in photorefractive crystals of sillienite family like
BSO, BTO and their applications to optical metrology in detail. ©
Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Photorefractive effect, Two wave mixing, Dynamic
holography, Optical metrology
References
1. Gower M, Dynamic holograms from crystals,
Nature, 316(1985)12-14.
2. Yariv A, Yeh P, Optical
waves in crystals, Chap 13, (Wiley), 1984.
3. Laeri F, Tschudi T,
Albers J, Coherent cw image amplifier and oscillator using
two wave interaction in a BaTiO3-crystal, Opt Commun,
47(1983)387-390.
4. Plastis D, Yu J, Hong J,
Bias free time integrating optical correlator using a
photorefracive crystal, Appl Opt, 24 (1985)3860-386.
5. Huignard J P, Marrakchi A,
Coherent signal beam amplification in two wave mixing experiments
with Bi12SiO20 crystals, Opt Commun, 38(1981)249-254.
6. Rajenbach H, Bann S,
Refregier P, Joffre P, Huignard J P, Buchkremer H S, Jensen A S,
Rasmussen E, Brenner K H, Lohmann G, Compact
photorefractive
correlator for Robotic applications, Appl Opt,
31(1992)5666-5674.
7. Huignard J P, Herriau J P,
Valentin T, Time-Average holographic interferometry with
photoconductive electro-optic Bi12SiO20 crystals, App
Opt,
16(1977)2796-2798.
8. Huignard J P, Herriau J P,
Aubourg P, Spitz E, Phase conjugate wavefront generation via
real-time holography in Bi12SiO20 crystals, Opt
Lett,
4(1979)21-23.
9. Stepanov S I, M P Petrov M
P, Efficient unstationary holographic recordings in photorefractive
crystals under external alternating electric fields,
Opt
Commun, 53(1985)292-295.
10. Tschudi T, Herden A, Goltz J, Klumb H,
Laeri F, Albers J, Image amplification by two wave and four wave
mixing in BaTiO3 photorefractive crystals,
IEE J Quantum Electron, 22(1986)1493-1502.
11. Yeh P, Introduction to
photorefractive nonlinear optics, (John Wiley & Sons Inc, New
York), 1993.
12. Solimar L, Webb D J,
Grunnet-Jepsen A, The physics and applications of photorefractive
materials, Oxford series in optical imaging and
sciences,
(Clarendon Press, Oxford), 1996.
13. Stepanov S I, Petrov M P,
Nonstationary holographic recording for efficient amplification and
phase conjugation in: Photorefractive Materials
and
Applications I, Topics Appl Phys, (eds) Gunter P, Huignard J P, Vol
61, (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg), 1988.
14. Hall T J, Jaura R, Connors L M,
Foote P D, The photorefractive effect : A review, Prog Quantum
Electron, 10(1985)77-144.
15. Kamshilin A A, Mokrushina E V, Petrov
M P, Adaptive holographic interferometers operating through
self-diffraction of recording beams in
photorefractive crystals, Opt Eng, 28(1989)580-588.
16. Troth R C, Dainty J C, “
Holographic interferometry using an-isotropic self diffraction in
Bi12SiO20, Opt Lett, 16(1991)53-55.
17. Vest C M, Holographic
interferometry, (John Willey & Sons: New York), Chapter 7,
1971.
18. Nisida M, Saito H, A new
interferometric method of two dimensional stress analysis, Exp
Mech, 4(1964)366-376.
19. Fourney M E, Application of
holography to photoelasticity, Exp Mech, 8(1968)33-38.
20. Hovanesian J D, Brcic J D,
Powell R L, A new stress-optic method :stress-holointerferometry,
Exp Mech, 8(1968)362-368.
21. Fourney M E, Mate K V, Further
applications of holograph to photoelasticity, Exp Mech,
10(1970)177-186.
22. Holloway D C, Johnson R H,
Advancements in holographic photoelasticity, Exp Mech,
11(1971)57-63.
23. Kubo H, Nagata R, Holographic
photoelasticity with depolarized object wave, Jpn J Appl Phys,
15(1976)641-644.
24. Uozato H, Nagata R, Holographic
photoelasticity by using dual hologram method, Jpn J Appl Phys,
16(1977)95- 100.
25. Narayanamurthy C S, Dainty
J C, Real-time holographic photoelasticity using BSO, Opt Commun,
91(1992)23-28.
26. Hecht E, Optics, 2nd edn,
(Reading M A: Addision-Wesley), Chapter 8, 1987.
27. Jenkins F A, White H E,
Fundamentals of Optics, 4th edn, (Auckland: McGraw-Hill
International Book Co), Chapter 32, 1982.
28. Anand A, Narayanamurthy C S,
Faraday rotation measurement with photorefractive Bi12TiO20,
Opt Laser Techno, 34(2002)605-611.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1091-1102
Multi-pass, multi-beam and multi-wavelength optical
interferometries
Rajpal
S Sirohi
Department of Physics, Alabama A&M University,
Huntsville, AL 35802, USA
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Optical
interferometry is perhaps the oldest precision measurement
technique that has evolved in its various variants due to the
developments in optical sources and detector systems, and varied
applications. Some of the variants are developed to enhance the
accuracy of measurement and also the ease of measurement. This
paper discusses the theory of multi-pass, multi-beam and
multi-wavelength interferometries. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Two-beam Interferometry, Multi-beam Interferometry,
Multi-wavelength Interferometry
References
1. Born M, Wolf E, Principles
of Optics, 4th edn, (Pergamon Press), 1970.
2. Candler C, Modern
Interferometers, (Hilger and Watts, London), 1951.
3. Steel W H, Interferometry,
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 1983.
4. Hariharan P, Optical
Interferometry, (Academic Press), 2003.
5. Langenbeck P, Multipass
Twyman–Green Interferometer, Appl Opt, 6(1967)1425-1426.
6. Langenbeck P, Multipass
Interferometry, Appl Opt, 8(1969)545-552.
7. Bubis I Y, Multipass
Interferometer for Surface Shape Inspection, Sov J Opt Technol,
39(1972)411-413.
8. Gerchman M C, Hunter G C,
Differential Technique for Accurately Measuring the Radius of
Curvature of Long Radius Concave Optical Surfaces,
Proc
SPIE, 192(1979)75-84.
9. Hariharan P, Sen D,
Double-Passed Two-Beam Interferometers, J Opt Soc Am,
50(1960)357-361.
10. Zhang Tiejun, Yonemura Motoki,
Multipass Michelson interferometer with the use of a
wavelength-modulated laser diode, Appl Opt,
35(1996)5650-5656.
11. Pisani M, Multiple reflection
Michelson interferometer with picometer resolution, Opt Exp,
16(2008)21558-21563.
12. Kumar V C P, Joenathan C,
Ganesan A, Somasundram U, Increasing the sensitivity for tilt
measurement using a cyclic interferometer with
multiple
reflections, Opt Eng, 55(2016)084103;
doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.55.8.084103
13. Joenathan C, Naderishahab T,
Bernal A, KrovetzA B, Pretheesh Kumar V C, Ganesan A R., Nanoscale
tilt measurement using a cyclic interferometer
with
polarization phase stepping and multiple reflections, Appl Opt,
57(2018)B52-B58.
14. Joenathan C, Bernal A, Woonghee
Y, Bunch R M, Hakodac C, Dual-arm multiple-reflection Michelson
interferometer for large multiple reflections and
increased sensitivity, Opt Eng, 55(2016) 024101; doi.
org/10.1117/1.OE.55.2.024101
15. Vikram C S, Sirohi R S, Use of
phase holograms for phase difference amplification, Opt Commun,
2(1971)444-446.
16. Brossel J, Multiple-beam
localized fringes: part I. - Intensity distribution and
localization, Proc Phys Soc, 59(1947) 224-234.
17. Born M, Wolf E, Principles of
Optics, fourth edition, (Pergamon Press), 1970, pp 351-358.
18. Tolansky S, Multiple-Beam
Interferometry of Surfaces and Films, (Oxford University Press,
Oxford, (1948), Dover, New York), 1970.
19. Roychoudhuri C, Multiple-Beam
Interferometers, in Optical Shop Testing, (Ed) Malacara D, (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey), 2007.
20. Murty M V R K, The Use of a
Single Plane Parallel Plate as a Lateral Shearing Interferometer
with a Visible Gas Laser Source, Appl Opt, 3(1964)531-534.
21. Mallick S, Rousseau M,
Multiple-Beam Lateral-Shear Interferometer, Appl Opt,
12(1973)2305-2308.
22. Sirohi R S, Eiju T, Matsuda K,
Barnes T H, Multiple-beam lateral shear interferometry for optical
testing, Appl Opt, 34(1995)2864-2870.
23. Sirohi Rajpal S, Eiju Tomaoki,
Matsuda Kiyofumi, Barnes Thomas H, Reflection Multiple beam wedge
plate shear interferometry for lens testing, Opt
Rev,
1(1994)293-295.
24. Sirohi R S, Eiju T K, Matsuda,
Senthilkumaran P, Multiple beam wedge plate shear interferometry in
transmission, J Mod Opt, 41(1994)1747-1755.
25. Senthilkumaran P, Sriram K V,
Kothiyal M P, Sirohi R S, Multiple beam wedge plate shear
interferometer for collimation testing, Appl Opt,
34(1955)1197-1202.
26. Matsuda Kiyofumi, Barnes Thomas
H, Oreb Bob F, Sheppard Colin J R, Focal-length measurement by
multiple-beam shearing interferometry, Appl Opt,
38(1999)3542-3548.
27. Decker J E, Schödel R, Bönsch
G, Next-Generation Kösters Interferometer, Proceedings of SPIE,
5190(2003) 14-23.
28. Christopher Burns, Deane A
Gardner, Robert C Quenelle, Lawrence J Wuerz, A New
Microcomputer-Controlled Laser Dimensional Measurement
and
Analysis System, Hewlett-Packard Journal, 34(1983)3-13.
29. Lavan Michael, Cadwallender W K,
Deyoung T F, Heterodyne interferometer to determine relative
optical phase changes, Review of Scientific
Instruments, 46(1975)525-527.
30. Ohtsuka Y, Sasaki I, Laser
heterodyne measurement of small arbitrary displacements, Opt
Commun, 10(1974) 362-365.
31. Stone J A, Stejskal A, Howard L,
Absolute interferometry with a 670-nm external cavity diode laser,
Appl Opt, 38(1999)5981-5994.
32. Dändliker R, Hug K, Zimmermann
E, Schnell U, Multiple Wavelength and White-Light Interferometry,
2nd Japan-France Congress on Mechatronics, Nov
1-3, Takamatsu, Japan, (1994)
33. de Groot P, Deck L, Surface
profiling by analysis of white-light interferograms in the spatial
frequency domain, J Modern Optics, 42(1995)389-401.
34. Mehta D S, Srivastava V, White
Light Phase-Shifting Interference Microscopy for Quantitative Phase
Imaging of Red Blood Cells, Fringe 2013 – 7th
International Workshop on Advanced Imaging and Metrology, 581-584,
Wolfgang Osten (ed), Springer, Verlag Heidelberg,
2014.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1127-1134
Surface plasmons resonance based refractive index sensors
using bimetallic configurations
Ashish
Bijalwan and Vipul Rastogi
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Uttarakhand 247667, India
This article is dedicated to
Prof Kehar Singh for his significant contributions to Optics and
Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In this
paper bimetallic grating-based sensors using combinations of
different metals (Au, Ag and Al) have been designed for refractive
index sensing and Haemoglobin sensing. Au, being more chemically
stable metal, is commonly used as SPR active metal, though it does
not provide narrower SPR curve. Whereas, Al can provide narrower
SPR curve but is chemically instable. Bimetallic grating based
refractive index sensors exhibit narrower SPR curves and
better-Quality Factors compared to conventional Au-grating based
sensors. Numerical simulations based on rigorous coupled wave
analysis confirm that the FWHM of conventional Au-grating based
sensors could be reduced by replacing the Au film with Ag or Al.
The issue of the oxidation of Al is also discussed in this study.
As a solution, we propose two different structures (i) Au-grating
over Au coated Al film and (ii) Au-Al2O3-grating over Al film.The
proposed sensors are stable and can offer the Quality Factor of
more than 245 RIU-1. © Anita Publications. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Haemoglobin sensing,
Au-grating, Quality Factor
References
1. Homola J, Yee S S, Gauglitz G, Surface plasmon
resonance sensors: review, Sens Actuators B: Chem,
54(1999)3-15.
2. Roh S, Chung T, Lee B, Overview of the
characteristics of micro- and nano structured surface plasmon
resonance sensors, Sensors, 11(2011)1565-1588.
3. Kretschmann E, Raether H, Radiative decay of
nonradiative surface plasmons excited by light, Z Naturforsch,
23(1968)2135-2136.
4. Fano U, The theory of anomalous diffraction
gratings and of quasi-stationary waves on metallic surfaces
(Sommerfeld’s waves), J Opt Soc Am,
31(1941)213-222.
5. Hutley M C, Maystre D, The total absorption of
light by a diffraction grating, Opt Commun,
19(1976)431-436.
6. Guo J, Keathley P D, Hastings J T, Dual-mode
surface plasmon-resonance sensors using angular interrogation, Opt
Lett, 33(2008)512-514.
7. Lin K, Lu Y, Chen J, Zheng R, Wang P, Ming H,
Surface plasmon resonance hydrogen sensor based on metallic grating
with high sensitivity, Opt
Express,16(2008)18599-18604.
8. Cai D, Lu Y, Lin K, Wang P, Ming H, Improving
sensitivityof SPR sensor based on grating by double-dips method
(DDM), Opt Express,
16(2008)14597-14602.
9. Ichihashi K, Mizutani Y, Iwata T, Enhancement
of the sensitivity of a diffraction-grating-based surface plasmon
resonance sensor utilizing the first and
negative-second-order diffracted lights, Opt Rev,
21(2014)728-731.
10. Dhibi A, Khemiri M, Oumezzine M, Theoretical study
ofsurface plasmon resonance sensors based on 2D bimetallic
alloygrating, Phot Nano Fund Appl,
22(2016)1-8.
11. Su W, Zheng G, Li X, Design of a highly sensitive surface
plasmon resonance sensor using aluminum-based diffraction grating,
Opt Commun,
285(2012)4603-4607.
12. Hu C, Liu D, High-performance grating coupled surface
plasmon resonance sensor based on Al-Au bimetallic layer, Mod Appl
Sci, 4(2010)8-13.
13. Moharam M G, Grann E B, Pommet D A, Gaylord T K,
Formulation for stable and efficient implementation of the rigorous
coupled-wave analysis of
binary gratings, J Opt Soc Am A, 12(1995)1068-1076.
14. Lee W, Degertekin F L, Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of
multilayered grating structures, J Lightwave Technol,
22(2004)2359-2363.
15. Homola J, Koudela I, Yee S S, Surface plasmon resonance
sensors based on diffraction gratings and prism couplers:
sensitivity comparison, Sens Actuators
B, 54(1999)16-24.
16. Sharma A K, Gupta B D, On the performance of different
bimetallic combinations in surface plasmon resonance based fiber
optic sensors, J Appl Phys,
101(2007)093111; doi.org/10.1063/1.2721779.
17. Lahav M, Vaskevich A, Rubinstein I, Biological sensing
using transmission surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,
Langmuir, 20(2004)7365-7367.
18. Kalyuzhny G, Schneeweiss M A, Shanzer A, Vaskevich A,
Rubinstein I, Differential plasmon spectroscopy as a tool for
monitoring molecular binding to
ultrathin gold films, J Am Chem Soc,
123(2001)3177-3178.
19. Friebel M, Martina M, Model function to calculate the
refractive index of native Hemoglobin in the wavelength range of
250-1100 nm dependent on
concentration, Appl Opt, 45(2006)2838-2842.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1135-1148
Technology development for precision optics
fabrication
Amitava
Ghosh and Kamal K Pant
Instruments
R & D Establishment, Raipur Road, Dehradun-248 008,
India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fabrication
of conventional optics is an old age technology primarily includes
flat and spherical surfaces. Usage of rotationally symmetric
aspheric surfaces providesmore degree of freedom to an optical
designer to control aberrations and improving the performance of
the imaging system. Development of CNC based manufacturing
technologies has given the opportunity to fabricate complex
aspheric and non-rotationally symmetric freeform surfaces. An
overview of the manufacturing trends for precision optics is
presented with technological transformation from conventional to
modern CNC based techniques those are suitable for complex aspheric
and freeform fabrication along with suitable metrology feedback. ©
Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Aspheric and freeform optics, CNC optical
manufacturing, Optical tower, SHS based freeform
metrology.
References
1. Walker D, Beaucamp A, Dunn C, Freeman R, Marek A,
McCavana G, Morton R, Riley D, First results on free-form polishing
using the Precessions process,
in Proc ASPE Winter Conference: Freeform Optics, Design,
Fabrication, Metrology, Assembly, 2004.
2. Zhang X, Zheng L, He X, Zhang F,
Yu S, Shi G, Zhang B,Liu Q, Wang T,Design and fabrication of
imaging optical systems with freeform surfaces,
Proc
SPIE 8486 (2012); doi.org/10.1117/12.928387.
3. Fess E, Bechtold M, Wolfs F,
Bechtold R, Developments in precision optical grinding technology,
Proceedings Volume 8884, Optifab 2013; 88840L
(2013);
doi.org/10.1117/12.2029334.
4. Hall C, Jones A, Messner B,
Magnetorheological Finishing of freeform optics. Proc, SPIE 10316,
Optifab 2007: Technical Digest, 103160J (14 May
2007);
doi.org/10.1117/12.719886
5. Deng W.-J, Zheng L.-g, Nano-scale
finishing of off-axis aspheric mirror by ion beam figuring, Proc
SPIE 9298, International Symposium on
Optoelectronic
Technology and Application 2014: Imaging Spectroscopy; and
Telescopes and Large Optics, 92981C (18 November 2014);
doi.org/10.1117/12.2071418.
6. Liu Y.-M, Lawrence G N,
Koliopoulos C L, Subaperture testing of aspheres with annular
zones, Appl Opt, 27(1988)4504-4513.
7. Pfund J, Lindlein N,
Schwider J, Nonnull testing of rotationally symmetric aspheres: a
systematic error assessment, App Opt, 40(2001)439-446.
8. Cheng D, Wang Y, Hua H, Free form
optical system design with differential equations. Proc SPIE 7849,
Optical Design and Testing IV, 78490Q (5
November 2010); doi.org/10.1117/12.869690.
9. Mishra, V., Burada D R,Pant K K,
Karar V, Jha S, Khan G S, Form error compensation in the slow tool
servo machining of freeform optics, Int J Adv
Manuf
Tech, 105(2019)1623-1635.
10. Patterson S, Magrab E, Design and
testing of a fast tool servo for diamond turning, Precis Eng,
7(1985)123-128.
11. Zernike von F, Beugungstheorie des
schneidenver-fahrens und seiner verbesserten form, der
phasenkontrastmethode.Physica, 7-12(1934)689-704.
12. Forbes G, Characterizing the shape of
freeform optics, Opt express, 20(2012)2483-2499.
13. Swantner W, Chow W W, Gram–Schmidt
orthonormalization of Zernike polynomials for general aperture
shapes. Appl Opt, 33(1994)1832-1837.
14. Ye J, Li X, Wang S, Sun W, Wang W,Yaun Q,
Modal wavefront reconstruction over general shaped aperture by
numerical orthogonal polynomials, Opt Eng,
54(2015)034105; doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.54.3.034105.
15. Abramowitz M, Stegun I A (eds), Handbook of
mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical
tables, Vol 55, US Government printing
office, 1948.
16. Cheng D, Wang Y, Hua H, Talha M M, Design of
an optical see-through head-mounted display with a low f-number and
large field of view using a freeform
prism, Appl Opt, 48(2009)2655-2668.
17. Chrisp M P, Primeau B, Echter M A, Imaging
freeform optical systems designed with NURBS surfaces, Opt Eng,
55(2016)071208; doi.org/10.1117
/1.OE.55.7.071208
18. Cakmakci O, Sophie Vo, Thompson K P, Rolland
J P, Application of radial basis functions to shape
description in a dual-element off-axis eyewear
display:
Field-of-view limit, J Soc Inf Display, 16(2008)1089-1098.
19. Fang F, Zhanga X D, Weckenmann A, Zhang G X,
Evans C, Manufacturing and measurement of freeform optics, CIRP
Annals, 62(2013)823-846.
20. Walker D D, Beaucamp A T H, Brooks D,
Freeman R, King A, McCavana G, Morton R, Riley D, Simms J, Novel
CNC polishing process for control of
form and texture on aspheric surfaces, Volume 4767, Current
Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering III; (2002);
doi.org/10.1117/12.451322.
21. Prochaska F, Matouse O, Tomka D, Polak J,
Poláková I, CNC subaperture polishing process arrangement for
microroughness minimisation, Proc SPIE
Volume 9442, Optics and Measurement Conference 2014; 944216 (2015);
doi.org/10.1117/12.2087102.
22. Walker D, Beaucamp A T H, Doubrovski V, Dunn
C, Freeman R, McCavana G, Morton R, Riley D, Simms J, Wei X,
New results extending the
precessions process to smoothing ground aspheres and producing
freeform parts, Proc SPIE 5869, Optical Manufacturing and Testing
VI, 58690E (24 August
2005); doi.org/10.1117/12.617067.
23. Schaefer J P, Point diamond turning:
Progress in precision, International Optical Design,Technical
digest (CD), OSA, 2006; doi.org/10.1364
/IODC.2006.ThB1
24. Khan G, Bichra M, Grewe A, Sabitov N,
Sabitov N, Mantel K, Harder I, Berger A, Lindlein N, Sinzinger S,
Metrology of freeform optics using diffractive
null elements in Shack-Hartmann sensor, Conference: Proc
EOSMOC & EOSOF Conference 2013.
25. Burada D R, Pant K K, Mishra V, M Bichra M,
Development of a metrology technique suitable for in situ
measurement and corrective manufacturing of
freeform optics, Adv Opt Technol,
8(2019)203-215.
26. Takeuchi H, Yosizumi K, Tsutsumi H,
Ultrahigh accurate 3-D profilometer using atomic force probe of
measuring nanometer, Proc ASPE Winter Topical
Meeting on Free-form optics: Design, Fabrication, Metrology and
Assembly, (2004)102-107.
27. Su P, Oh C J, Parks R E, Burge J H,
Swing-arm optical CMM for aspherics, Proc SPIE 7426, Optical
Manufacturing and Testing VIII, 74260J (21 August
2009); doi.org/10.1117/12.828493
28. Chen S, Li S, Dai Y, Iterative algorithm for
subaperture stitching interferometry for general surfaces, J Opt
Soc Am A, 22(2005)1929-1936.
29. Pant K K, Burada D R, Bichra M, Singh M P,
Subaperture stitching for measurement of freeform wavefront, Appl
Opt, 54(2015)10022-10028.
30. Khan G S, Mantel K, Harder I, Lindlein N,
Schwider J, Design considerations for the absolute testing approach
of aspherics using combined diffractive
optical elements. Appl Opt, 46(2007)7040-7048.
31. Burada D R, Pant K K, Bichra M, Khan G S,
Sinzinger S, Shakher C, Experimental investigations on
characterization of freeform wavefront using Shack–
Hartmann sensor, Opt Eng, 56(2017)084107; doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.56.8.084107
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics
Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1149-1160
Investigations
of magnetic resonances with modulated laser excitation in
the
atomic
medium
for magnetometry applications
Gour S
Pati and Renu Tripathi*
Division
of Physics, Engineering Mathematics & Computer Science
(PEMaCS),
Delaware
State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We have
investigated magnetic resonances produced by resonant laser
excitation of the atomic medium with modulated light. Magnetic
resonances in two different atomic media are studied. First, we
have studied magnetic resonances using laser excitation of D1
transition in a pure isotope rubidium cell. We explain the origin
of magnetic resonances using two-photon Lambda transitions, and
simulate magnetic resonances using a theoretical model based on the
density-matrix equations. Second, we have studied magnetic
resonances in fluorescence from a sodium cell. This study is
intended for performing remote magnetometry experiments with
mesospheric sodium atoms. We have also demonstrated a new
correlation technique, which can be performed over a wide frequency
range for measuring an unknown magnetic field in magnetometry.
Present studies are aimed towards improving our understanding of
magnetic resonances for magnetometry applications. © Anita
Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Nonlinear magneto-optic rotation (NMOR), Alkali
Atoms, Magnetometry
References
1. Budker D, Kimball D F J, Optical Magnetometry,
(Cambridge University Press), 2013.
2. Sander T H, Preusser J, Mhaskar R, Kitching J,
Trahms L, Knappe S, “Magnetoencephalography with a chip-scale
atomic magnetometer,” Biomed Opt
Express, 3(2012) 27167-27172.
3. Schultz G, Mhaskar R, Prouty M, Schultz G,
Mhaskar R, Prouty M, Miller J, “Integration of micro-fabricated
atomic magnetometers on military systems,”
Proc SPIE, 9823(2016)982318;
doi.org/10.1117/12.2224192.
4. Schwindt P D D, Knappe S, Shah V, Hollberg L,
Kitching J, Liew L A, Moreland J, “Chip-scale atomic magnetometer,”
Appl Phys Lett, 85(2004)
6409-6411.
5. Kitching J, Chip-scale atomic devices, Appl
Phys Rev, 5(2018)31302; doi.org/10.1063/1.5026238
6. Budker D, Romalis M, Optical magnetometry, Nat
Phys, 3(2007)227-234.
7. Kominis I K, Kornack T W, Allred J C, Romalis
M V, A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer, Nat Phys,
422(2003)596-599.
8. Budker D, Kimball D F, Rochester S M, Yashchuk
V V, Zolotorev M, Sensitive magnetometry based on nonlinear
magneto-optical rotation, Phys Rev A,
62(2003)43403; doi. org/10.1103/PhysRevA.62.043403
9. Acosta V, Ledbetter M P, Rochester S M, Budker
D, Kimball D F J, Hovde D C, Gawlik W, Pustelny S, Zachorowski J,
Yashchuk V V, Nonlinear magneto-
optical rotation with frequency-modulated light in the geophysical
field range, Phys Rev A – At Mol Opt Phys,
73(2006)1-8.
10. Gawlik W, Krzemien L, Pustelny S, Sangla D, Zachorowski
J, Graf M, Sushkov A O, Budker D, Nonlinear Magneto-Optical
Rotation with Amplitude-
Modulated Light, Appl Phys Lett, 88(2006)131108;
doi.org/10.1063/1.2190457
11. Higbie J M, Rochester S M, Patton B, Holzlohner R, Calia
D B, Budker D, Magnetometry with mesospheric sodium, Proc Natl Acad
Sci,
108(2011)3522-3525.
12. Warren Z, Shahriar M S, Tripathi R, Pati G S,
Experimental and theoretical comparison of different optical
excitation schemes for a compact coherent
population trapping Rb vapor clock, Metrologia,
54(2017)418-431.
13. Renzoni F, Maichen W, Windholz L, Arimondo E, Coherent
population trapping with losses observed on the Hanle effect of the
D 1 sodium line, Phys Rev
A, 55(1997)3710-3718.
14. Renzoni F, Zimmermann C, Verkerk P, Arimondo E, Enhanced
absorption Hanle effect on the Fg = F → Fe = F + 1 closed
transitions, J Opt B:Quantum
Semiclassical Opt, 7(2001)S7-S14.
15. Felinto D, Cruz L S, de Oliveira E A, Florez H M, de
Miranda M H G, Nussenzveig P, Martinelli M, Tabosa J W R, Physical
interpretation for the
correlation spectra of electromagnetically-induced-transparency resonances, Opt Express, 21(2013)485-491.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1163-1173
Light Scattering by Turbid Media
M R
Shenoy* and Kalpak Gupta
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
New Delhi – 110 016
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Study
of scattered light has emerged as an important and practical method
of analysing a turbid medium in a fast and non-invasive manner.
From light scattering measurements, the scattering parameters of
the turbid medium can be estimated, which in turn depend on the
intrinsic properties of the scatterers. Measurements of multiple
physical quantities such as transmitted light, reflected light and
scattered light at different angles lead to a better estimation of
the scattering parameters. Using the scattering theory and
simulations such as Monte-Carlo technique, in conjunction with
experiments, leads to substantial reduction in the number of
measurements required, and help in optimizing efficient and compact
devices for practical use. There is also scope for studies on
mixtures of turbid media, and the effect of various changes in the
ambience, in specific applications. In this paper, we first review
the basics of light scattering from turbid media, and briefly
discuss the methodologies to simulate and characterize a turbid
medium. We then detail some of our recent work on estimation of the
scattering parameters of a turbid medium, including the use of
fiber-optic probes as turbidity sensors, with potential
applications in remote sensing and telemetry. © Anita Publications.
All rights reserved.
Keywords: Light scattering, Turbid media, Optical
properties, Monte-Carlo simulation
References
1. Hulst H C van de, Light
Scattering by Small Particles, (Wiley, New York), 1957.
2. Bohren C F, Huffman D R,
Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, (Wiley,
USA), 1983.
3. Bevilacqua F, Piguet D,
Marquet P, Gross J D, Tromberg B J, Depeursinge C, In vivo local
determination of tissue optical properties: applications to
human
brain, Appl Opt, 38(1999)4939-4950.
4. Hassaninia I, Bostanabad R,
Chen W,Mohseni H, Characterization of the Optical Properties of
Turbid Media by Supervised Learning of Scattering
Patterns,
Sci Rep, 7(2017)15259; doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15601-4
5. Augsten C, Kiselev M A,
Gehrke R, Hause G, Mäder K, A detailed analysis of biodegradable
nanospheres by different techniques—A combined approach
to
detect particle sizes and size distributions, J Pharm Biomed Anal,
47(2008)95-102.
6. Morrison I D, Grabowski E
F, Herb C A, Improved techniques for particle size determination by
quasi-elastic light scattering, Langmuir, 1(1985)496-501.
7. Agrawal Y C, Pottsmith H C,
Laser diffraction particle sizing in STRESS, Cont Shelf Res,
14(1994)1101-1121.
8. Prerana, Shenoy M R, Pal B
P, Gupta B D, Design, analysis, and realization of a turbidity
sensor based on collection of scattered light by a fiber-optic
probe,
IEEE Sens J, 12(2012)44-50.
9. Shenoy M R, Optical fibre
probes in the measurement of scattered light: Application for
sensing turbidity, Pramana, 82(2014)39-48.
10. Cheong W F, Prahl S A, Welch A J, A
review of the optical properties of biological tissues, IEEE J
Quantum Electron, 26(1990)2166-2185.
11. Kramer A, Paul T A, Fiber-Optic Probes
as Sensors for Diffuse Backscattering, in Advanced Photonics &
Renewable Energy (21-24 June, 2010),
Karlsruhe, Germany, paper SThD2.
12. Wang L V, Wu H-I, Biomedical Optics:
Principles and Imaging, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New
Jersey), 2007.
13. Prerana, Shenoy M R, Pal B P, Method
to determine the optical properties of turbid media, Appl Opt,
47(2008) 3216-3220.
14. Prahl S A, Van Gemert M J C, Welch A
J, Determining the optical properties of turbid media by using the
adding-doubling method, Appl Opt,
32(1993)559-568.
15. Mishchenko M I, Travis L D, Lacis A A,
Scattering, absorption, and emission of light by small particles,
(Cambridge University Press, UK), 2002.
16. Wang L, Jaques S L, Zheng L,
MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered
Tissues, Comput Methods Programs Biomed,
47(1995)131-146.
17. Friebel M, Roggan A, Müller G, Meinke
M, Determination of optical properties of human blood in the
spectral range 250 to 1100 nm using Monte Carlo
simulations with hematocrit-dependent effective scattering phase
functions, J Biomed Opt, 11(2006)034021;
doi.org/10.1117/1.2203659
18. Graaff R, Koelink M H, de Mul F F M,
Zijlstra W G, Dassel A C M, Aarnoudse J G, Condensed Monte Carlo
simulations for the description of light
transport, Appl Opt, 32(1993)426-434.
19. Koelink M H, De Mul F F M, Greve J,
Graaff R, Dassel A C M, Aarnoudse J G, Laser Doppler blood
flowmetry using two wavelengths: Monte Carlo
simulations and measurements, Appl Opt, 33(1994)3549-3558.
20. Zhu C, Liu Q, Validity of the
semi-infinite tumor model in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for
epithelial cancer diagnosis: a Monte Carlo study,
Opt
Express, 19(2011)17799-17812.
21. Gupta K, Shenoy M R, Method to
determine the anisotropy parameter g of a turbid medium, Appl Opt,
57(2018) 7559-7563.
22. Reynolds L O, McCormick N J,
Approximate two-parameter phase function for light scattering, J
Opt Soc Am, 70(1980)1206-1212.
23. Pickering J W, Prahl S A, van
WieringenNiek, Beek J F,Sterenborg H J C M, van Gemert M J C,
Double-integrating-sphere system for measuring the
optical properties of tissue, Appl Opt, 32(1993)399-410.
24. Campbell C G, Laycak D T, Hoppes W,
Tran N T, Shi F G, High concentration suspended sediment
measurements using a continuous fiber optic
in-stream
transmissometer, J Hydrol, 311(2005)244-253.
25. van Staveren H J, Moes C J M, van
Marie J, Prahl S A, van Gemert M J C, Light scattering in
Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100
nm,
Appl Opt, 30(1991)4507-4514.
26. Mishchenko M I, Far-field
approximation in electromagnetic scattering, J Quant Spectrosc
Radiat Transf, 100(2006) 268-276.
27. Berg M J, Sorensen C M, Chakrabarti A,
Extinction and the optical theorem. Part I. Single particles, J Opt
Soc Am A, 25(2008)1504-1513.
28. Gupta K, Shenoy M R, Determination of
the Size of Microspheres in Monodisperse Turbid Solutions, in
Frontiers in Optics+Laser Science APS/DLS
(15-19 September, 2019), Washington, DC, United States, paper
JTu3A.29.
29. Pin W, Ming L Y, Han C B, Measurement
of the anisotropy factor with azimuthal light backscattering,
Optoelectron Lett, 10(2014)470-472.
30. Sun J, Fu K, Wang A, Lin A W H,
Utzinger U, Drezek R,Influence of fiber optic probe geometry on the
applicability of inverse models of tissue
reflectance
spectroscopy: computational models and experimental measurements,
Appl Opt, 45(2006) 8152-8162.
31. Bryant G, Thomas J C, Improved
Particle Size Distribution Measurements Using Multiangle Dynamic
Light Scattering, Langmuir, 11(1995)2480-2485.
32. Borecki M, Intelligent Fiber Optic
Sensor for Estimating the Concentration of a Mixture-Design and
Working Principle, Sensors, 7(2007)384-399.
33. Bergougnoux L, Ripault J M, Firpo J L,
André J, Monte Carlo calculation of backscattered light intensity
by suspension: comparison with experimental
data, Appl Opt, 35(1996)1735-1741.
34. Fairuz A, Omar B, Zubir M, Matjafri B,
Turbidimeter Design and Analysis: A Review on Optical Fiber Sensors
for the Measurement of Water Turbidity,
Sensors, 9(2009) 8311-8335.
35. Dogliotti A I, Ruddick K G, Nechad B,
Doxaran D, Knaeps E, A single algorithm to retrieve turbidity from
remotely-sensed data in all coastal and
estuarine waters, Remote Sens Environ, 156(2015)157-168.
36. Volten H, Muñoz O, Rol E, de Haan J F,
Vassen W, Hovenier J W, Muinonen K, Nousiainen T,Scattering
matrices of mineral aerosol particles at 441.6 nm
and 632.8 nm, J Geophys Res Atmos, 106(2001)17375-17401.
37. Gupta K, Dora A K, Shenoy M R,
Performance Enhancement of Fiber Optic Turbidity Sensor through
Design Modifications, in International Conference
of Advances in Optics and Photonics, (23-26 November 2017), Hisar,
India, paper OP71.
38. Shenoy M R, Kaur P, Fiber-Optic
Turbidity Sensor with a 2-Fiber Optrode in a Novel Scheme, in
Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII(2012).
39. Kienle A, Patterson M S, Ott L,
Steiner R, Determination of the scattering coefficient and the
anisotropy factor from laser Doppler spectra of
liquids
including blood, Appl Opt, 35(1996)3404-3412.
40. Gupta K, Shenoy M R, Light Scattering
from Mixtures of Turbid Media: Determination of Interaction
Coefficient, in International Conference on Optics
&
Electro-Optics (19-22 October, 2019), Dehradun, India, paper
OIM-PP-09.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1175-1185
Variational
method for the modes of optical fibers
Anurag
Sharma
Physics
Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New
Delhi – 110 016, India
This
article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant
contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Variational
method has been used for modal analysis of single mode optical
fibers for over 40 years and it continues to play an important role
in such analysis. In this paper, we look at some of these analyses
and discuss some of the recent advances in this direction. © Anita
Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Single Mode Fibers, Variational Method,
Microstructured Fibers
References
1. Kao K C, Hockham G A, Dielectric-fibre surface
waveguides for optical frequencies, IEE Proc,
133(1966)1151-1158.
2. Snitzer E, Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide
Modes, J Opt Soc Am, 51(1961)491-498.
3. Snyder A W, Asymptotic Expressions for
Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Dielectric or Optical
Waveguide, IEEE Microw Theory Tech
MTT-17
(1969)1130-1138.
4. Gloge D, Weakly guiding fibers, Appl Opt,
10(1971)2252-2258.
5. Ghatak A K, Lokanathan S, Quantum Mechanics:
Theory and Applications, 6th Edn, (Trinity Press Laxmi
Publications, New Dehli India), 2019.
6. Schiff L L, Quantum Mechanics, (Mc-GraHill,
New York), 1968.
7. Marcuse D, Gaussian approximation of the
fundamental modes of graded-index fibers, J Opt Soc Am,
68(1978)103-109.
8. Snyder A W, Sammut R A, Fundamental (HE11)
modes of graded optical fibers, J Opt Soc Am,
69(1979)1663-1671.
9. Sharma A, Ghatak A K, A Variarional Analysis
of Single Mode Graded-Indexing Fibers , Opt Commun, 36(1981)
22-24
10. Sharma A, Hosain S I, Ghatak A K, The fundamental mode of
graded-index fibres: simple and accurate variational methods, Opt
Quantum Electron,
14(1982)7-15.
11. Ghatak A K, Srivastava R, Faria I, Thyagarajan K, Tewari
R, Accurate method for characterising single-mode fibres: theory
and experiment, Electro
Lett,19(1983)97-99.
12. Hosain S I, Sharma S, Ghatak A K, Splice-loss evaluation
for single-mode graded-index fibers, Appl Opt,
21(1982)2716-2720.
13. Mishra P K, Hosain S I, Goyal I C, Sharma A, Scalar
variational analysis of single mode, graded-core, W-type fibres,
Opt Quant Electron,
16(1984)287-296.
14. Sakai J I, Kimura T, Large-core, broadband optical fiber,
Opt Lett, 1(1977)169-171.
15. Hosain S I, Sharma E K, Sharma A, Ghatak A K, Analytical
approximations for the propagation characteristics of dual-mode
fibers, IEEE J Quant
Electron, QE-19, (1983)15-21; 10.1109/JQE.1983.1071720
16. Knight J C, Birks T A, Russell P S J, Atkin D M,
All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal
cladding, Opt Lett, 21(1996)1547-1549.
17. Birks T A, Knight J C, Russell P S J, Endlessly
single-mode photonic crystal fiber, Opt Lett,
22(1997)961-963.
18. Sharma A, Chauhan H, A new analytical model for the field
of microstructured optical fibers, Opt Quant Electron,
41(2009)235-242.
19. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Characteristic of microstructured
optical fibers: an analytical approach, Opt Quant Electron,
44(2012)415-424.
20. Sharma D K, Sharma A, On the mode field diameter of
microstructured optical fibers Opt Commun,
291(2013)162-168.
21. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Splicing of index-guiding
microstructured optical fibers and single-mode fibers by controlled
air-hole collapse: an analytical
approach, Opt Quant Electron, 46(2014)409-422.
22. Sharma D K, Tripathi S M, Sharma A, Optical
characteristics of polymer-infused microstructured optical fiber
using an analytical field model,
Optik,
140(2017)1-9.
23. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Tripathi S M, Microstructured
optical fibers for terahertz waveguiding regime by using an
analytical field model, Opt Fib
Technol,
39(2017)55-69.
24. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Tripathi S M, Cladding mode
coupling in long-period gratings in index-guided microstructured
optical fibers, Appl Phys B,
123(2017)187; doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6764-1
25. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Tripathi S M, Thermo-optic
characteristics of hybrid polymer/silica microstructured optical
fiber: An analytical approach, Opt
Mat, 78(2018)508-520.
26. Sharma D K, Tripathi S M, Sharma A, Modal analysis of
high-index core tellurite glass microstructured optical fibers in
infrared regime, J Non-Cryst Sol,
511(2019)147-160.
27. Sharma D K, Tripathi S M, Optical performance of
tellurite glass microstructured optical fiber for slow-light
generation assisted by stimulated
brillouin
scattering, Opt Mat, 94(2019)196-205.
28. Sharma D K, Tripathi S M, Theoretical analysis for
exploring the optical performance of solid-core polymer based
microstructured optical fibers,
Physica
B: Cond Mat, 572(2019)279-290.
29. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Tripathi S M, Optimum splicing of
high-index core microstructured optical fibers and traditional
single-mode fibers using
improved field model, Opt Las Technol,
109(2019)157-167.
30. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Improved analytical model for the
field of index-guiding microstructured optical fibers, Opt Commun,
366(2016)127-135.
31. Bouk A H, Cucinotta A, Poli F, Selleri S, Dispersion
properties of square-lattice photonic crystal fibers, Opt Exp,
12(2004)941-946.
32. Sharma D K, Sharma A, Tripathi S M, Characteristics of
solid-core square-lattice microstructured optical fibers using an
analytical field model, Opt Las
Technol, 96(2017)97-106.
33. Ghosh D, Roy S, Bhadra S K, Determination of modal
effective indices and dispersion of microstructured fibers with
different configurations: a
variational
approach, J Mod Opt, 57(2010)607-620.
34. Leon-Saval S G, Argyros A, J. Bland-Hawthorn J, Photonic
lanterns: a study of light propagation in multimode to single-mode
converters ,Opt Express,
18(2010)8430- 8439
35. Sharma A, Sunder S, URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Sc. Conf.
(AP-RASC 2019), New Delhi, March 9-15,
2019.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics
Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019,
1187-1196
Optical and photoluminescence properties of Ca and Cd doped spin coated nanocrystalline ZnO thin films
Anchal Srivastava
Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hexagonal wurtzite nanocrystalline calcium/cadmium doped zinc oxide thin films on glass substrates have been obtained by sol gel spin coating method. Calcium doping enhances, whereas cadmium doping reduces the optical band gap of ZnO thin films. Thus by suitable choice of dopant band gap tuning of ZnO over a considerable range can be obtained. Molarity of the precursor solution plays an important role in achieving photoluminescence. Ca doping increases defect emission, whereas Cd doping increases UV emission manifold. Cd doped ZnO films are found to possess good photoswitching properties. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Doped-ZnO, Calcium, Cadmium, Sol-gel spin coating, Photoluminescence, Photoswitching
References
1. Wang Z L, Novel nanostructures of ZnO for
nanoscale photonics, optoelectronics, piezoelectricity, and
sensing, Appl Phys A, 88 (2007)7-15.
2. Ya Z W, Xian Z X, Duan Z, Min G, Shen X S, ZnO
nanorods: morphology control, optical properties, and nanodevice
applications, Sci China-Phys Mech
Astron, 56(2013)2243-2265.
3. Ali G M, Chakrabarti P, Performance of
ZnO-Based Ultraviolet Photodetectors Under Varying Thermal
Treatment, IEEE Photonics J, 2(2010)784-793.
4. Ali G M, Chakrabarti P, ZnO-based
inter-digitated MSM and MISIM ultraviolet photodetectors, J Phys D:
Appl Phys, 43(2010)415103; doi.org/10.1088
/0022-3727/43/41/415103.
5. Srivastava A, Kumar N, Misra K P,
Khare S, Blue-light luminescence enhancement and increased band gap
from calcium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle
films, Mater Sci Semicond Process, 26(2014)259-266.
6. Hwang K.-S, Lee Y.-J, Hwangbo S, Growth,
structure and optical properties of amorphous or nano-crystalline
ZnO thin films prepared by prefiring-final
annealing, J Ceram Process Res, 8(2007)305-311.
7. Zhang X. -M, Lu M.-Y, Zhang Y, Chen L.-J, Wang
Zhong Lin, Fabrication of a High-Brightness Blue-Light-Emitting
Diode Using a ZnO-Nanowire Array
Grown on p-GaN Thin Film, Adv Mater,
21(2009)2767-2770.
8. Bie Y.-Q, Liao Z.-M, Wang P-W, Zhou Y-B, Han
X-B, Ye Y, Zhao Q, Wu X-S, Dai L, Xu J, Sang L-W, Deng J-J,
Laurent K, Leprince-Wang Y, Yu D-P,
Adv Mater, 22(2010)4284-4287.
9. Vijayalakshmi S, Venkataraj S, Jayavel R,
Characterization of cadmium doped zinc oxide (Cd : ZnO) thin films
prepared by spray pyrolysis method, J Phys
D: Appl Phys, 41(2008)245403;
doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/24/245403.
10. Ahn S-E, Ji H J, Kim K, Kim G T, Bae C H, Park S M, Kim
Y-K, Ha J S, Origin of the slow photoresponse in an individual
sol-gel synthesized ZnO
nanowire, Appl Phys Lett, 90 (2007)153106;
doi.org/10.1063/1.2721289.
11. Dong Ju Seo, Structural and Optical Properties of CdO
Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis, J Korean Phys Soc,
45(2004)1575-1579.
12. Misra P, Sahoo P K, Tripathi P, Kulkarni V N, Nandedkar R
V, Kukreja L M, Sequential pulsed laser deposition of CdxZn1−xO
alloy thin films for
engineering ZnO band gap, Appl Phys A,
78(2004)37-40.
13. Shukla R K, Srivastava A, Srivastava A, Dubey K C, Growth
of transparent conducting nanocrystalline Al doped ZnO thin films
by pulsed laser deposition,
J Cryst Growth, 294(2006)427-431.
14. Vijayan T A, Chandramohan R, Valanarasu S, Thirumalai J,
Subramanian S P, Comparative investigation on nanocrystal
structure, optical, and electrical
properties of ZnO and Sr-doped ZnO thin films using chemical bath
deposition method, J Mater Sci, 43(2008)1776-1782.
15. Lee G H, Yamamoto Y, Kourogi M, Ohtsu M, Blue shift in
room temperature photoluminescence from photo-chemical vapor
deposited ZnO films, Thin
Solid Films, 386(2001)117-120.
16. Shan F K, Kim B I, Liu G X, Liu Z F, Sohn J Y, Lee W J,
Shin B C, Yu Y S, Blue shift of near band edge emission in Mg doped
ZnO thin films and aging,
J Appl Phys, 95(2004)4772; doi.org/10.1063/1.1690091.
17. Misra K P, Shukla R K, Srivastava A, Srivastava A,
Blueshift in optical band gap in nanocrystalline Zn1−xCaxO films
deposited by sol-gel method, Appl
Phys Lett, 95(2009)031901; doi.org/10.1063/1.3184789.
18. Water W, Wang S F, Chen Y P, Pu J C, Calcium and
strontium doped ZnO films for love wave sensor applications, Integr
Ferroelectr, 72(2005)13-22.
19. Srivastava A, Shukla R K, Misra K P, Photoluminescence
from screen printed ZnO based nanocrystalline films, Cryst Res
Technol, 46(2011)949-955.
20. Liu W, Zhao S, Zhao K, Sun W, Zhou Y, Jin K J, Lu H, He
M, Yang G, Ultraviolet photovoltaic characteristics of silver
nanocluster doped ZnO thin films,
Phys B Condensed Matter, 404(2009)1550-1552.
21. Teke A, Ozgür U, Dogan S, Gu X, Morkoç H, Nemeth B, Nause
J, Everitt H O, Excitonic fine structure and recombination dynamics
in single-crystalline
ZnO, Phys Rev B, 70(2004)195207;
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.195207.
22. Ghosh A, Choudhary R N P, Structural evolution and
visible photoluminescence of Zn-ZnO nanophosphor, J Appl Phys,
105(2009)124906;
doi.org/10.1063/1.3149786.
23. Bera A, Basaka D, Carrier relaxation through
two-electron process during photoconduction in highly UV sensitive
quasi-one-dimensional ZnO nanowires,
Appl Phys Lett, 93(2008)053102;
doi.org/10.1063/1.2968131.
24. Li Q H, Gao T, Wang Y G, Wang T H, Adsorption and
desorption of oxygen probed from ZnO nanowire films by photocurrent
measurements, Appl Phys
Lett, 86(2005)123117; doi.org/10.1063/1.1883711.
25. Bera A, Basak D , Effect of Surface Capping
with Polyvinylalcohol on the photocarrier relaxation of ZnO
nanowires, ACS Appl Mater
Inter,
1(2009)2066-2070.
26. Shinde S S, Rajpure K Y, Fabrication and
performance of N-doped ZnO UV photoconductive detector, J Alloys
Compd, 522(2012)118-122.
27. Lee J H, Park B O, Transparent conducting ZnO:Al,
In and Sn thin films deposited by the sol–gel method, Thin Solid
Films, 426(2003)94-99.
28. Ohyama M, Kozuka H, Yoko T, Sol‐Gel Preparation of
Transparent and Conductive Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Films with
Highly Preferential Crystal
Orientation, J Am Ceram Soc, 81(1998)1622-1632.
29. Yamamoto Y, Saito K, Takakashi K, Konagai M,
Preparation of boron-doped ZnO thin films by photo-atomic layer
deposition, Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells,
65(2001)125-132.
30. Sanchez-Juarez A, Tiburcio-Silver A, Oritz A,
Zironi E P, Rickards J, Electrical and optical properties of
fluorine-doped ZnO thin Films prepared by spray
pyrolysis, Thin Solid Films, 333(1998)196-202.
31. Natsume Y, Sakata H, Electrical and optical
properties of zinc oxide films post-annealed in H2 after
fabrication by sol-gel process, Mater Chem Phys,
78(2002)170-176.
32. Zhan Z, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Pan D, Huang J, Huang F,
Lin Z, Strategy for preparing Al-doped ZnO thin film with high
mobility and high stability, Cryst
Growth Des, 11(2011)21-25.
33. Mishra D, Srivastava A, Srivastava A, Shukla R K,
Bead structured nanocrystalline ZnO thin films: Synthesis and LPG
sensing properties, Appl Surf Sci,
255(2008)2947-2950.
34. Das A K, Misra P, Bose A, Joshi S C, Kumar R,
Sharma T K, Kukreja L M, Structural, electrical and optical
characteristics of Al doped ZnO films grown
by sequential pulsed laser deposition, Phys Express,
3(2013)41645-41650.
35. Lu J G, Fujita S, Kawaharamura T, Nishinaka H,
Kamada Y, Ohshima T, Ye Z Z, Zeng Y J, Zhang Y Z, Zhu L P, He H P,
Zhao B H, Carrier concentration
dependence of band gap shift in n-type ZnO:Al films, J Appl
Phys, 101(2007)083705; doi.org/10.1063/1.2721374
36. Das A K, Misra P, Kukreja L M, Effect of Si doping
on electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films grown by
sequential pulsed laser deposition, J
Phys D: Appl Phys, 42(2009)165405;
doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/16/165405.
37. Yadav H K, Gupta V, A comparative study of
ultraviolet photoconductivity relaxation in zinc oxide (ZnO) thin
films deposited by different techniques, J
Appl Phys, 111(2012)102809; doi.org/10.1063/1.4714715
38. Wu K Y, Wang C C, Chen D H, Preparation and
conductivity enhancement of Al-doped zinc oxide thin films
containing trace Ag nanoparticles by the sol–
gel process, Nanotechnology, 18(2007)305604;
doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/30/305604.
39. Sandeep C S Suchand, Phillip R, Satheeshkumar
R, Kumar V, Sol-gel synthesis and nonlinear optical transmission
in thin films, Appl Phys Lett,
89(2006)063102; 10.1063/1.2335375
40. Cao L, Jiang J, Zhu L, Realization of band-gap
engineering of ZnO thin films via Ca alloying, Mater Lett,
100(2013)201-203.
41. Souza F L, Lopes K P, Longo E, Leite E R, The
influence of the film thickness of nanostructured a-Fe2O3 on water
photooxidation, Phys Chem Chem
Phys;11(2009)1215-1219.
42. Rahal A, Benramache S, Benhaoua B, The effect of
the film thickness and doping content of SnO2:F thin films prepared
by the ultrasonic spray method, J
Semicond, 34(2013); 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093003
43. Tuna O, Selamet Y, Aygun G, Ozyuzer L, High quality
ITO thin films grown by dc and RF sputtering without oxygen, J Phys
D: Appl Phys,
43(2010)55402-55407.
44. Cheng P, Li D, Yuan Z, Chen P, Yang D, Enhancement
of ZnO light emission via coupling with localized surface plasmon
of Ag island film, Appl Phys
Lett, 92(2008)041119; doi.org/10.1063/1.2839404
45. Chen A J, Wu X M, Sha Z D, Zhuge L J, Meng Y D,
Structure and photoluminescence properties of Fe-doped ZnO thin
films, J Phys D: Appl Phys,
39(2006)4762-4765.
46. Lin B, Fu Z, and Jia Y, Green luminescent center in
undoped zinc oxide films deposited on silicon substrates,
Appl Phys Lett, 79(2001)943-945.
47. Xu P S, Sun Y M, Shi C S, Xu F Q, Pan H B, The
electronic structure and spectral properties of ZnO and its
defects, Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res,
B199(2003)286-290.
48. Dhara S, Giri P K, ZnO/Anthracene based
inorganic/organic nanowire heterostructure: photoresponse and
photoluminescence studies, J Appl Phys,
111(2012)044320; doi.org/10.1063/1.3687936.
49. Shinde S S, Shinde P S, Oh Y W, Haranath D, Bhosale
C H, Rajpure K Y, Structural, optoelectronic, luminescence and
thermal properties of Ga-doped zinc
oxide thin films, Appl Surf Sci, 258(2012)9969- 9976.
50. Kumar N, Srivastava A, Faster photoresponse,
enhanced photosensitivity and photoluminescence in
nanocrystalline ZnO films suitably doped by Cd, J
Alloy Compd,706(2017) 438-446.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 28 Nos 10-12, 2019, 1197-1204
Understanding dynamic beam shaping using liquid crystal spatial light modulator based binary holograms
Karuna
Sindhu Malik, Nagendra Kumar, Akanshu Chauhan,
Nedup
Sherpa and Bosanta R Boruah
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Assam, India
This article is dedicated to Prof Kehar Singh for his significant contributions to Optics and Photonics
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In this paper, we describe wavefront shaping of a laser beam using a computer generated holography technique. We use liquid crystal spatial light modulator as a dynamic amplitude modulating device to implement binary holograms, which diffract an incident laser beam into a number of orders. The phase profiles of the diffracted beams have direct dependence on the description of the binary hologram, which on the other hand can be controlled in real time via a computer interface. Along with a brief theoretical background we present a proof-of-principle experiment to understand the working of binary hologram based beam shaping mechanism © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Beam shaping, Liquid crystal spatial modulator, Binary hologram, Phase profile
References
1. Efron U, Spatial light modulator technology: materials, devices, and applications, vol 47, (CRC Press), 1994.
2. Amako J, Miura H, Sonehara T, Wave-front control using liquid-crystal devices, Appl Opt, 32(1993)4323-4329.
3. Love G D, Wave-front correction and production of zernike modes with a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator, Appl Opt, 36 (1997)1517-1524.
4. Ostrovsky A S, Rickenstorff-Parrao C, Arrizon
V, , Generation of the perfect optical vortex using a liquid
crystal spatial light modulator, Opt
Lett,
38(2013)534-536.
5. Neil M A A, Booth M, Wilson T, Opt Lett,
Dynamic wave-front generation for the characterization and testing
of optical systems, Opt Lett,
23(1998)849-1851.
6. Neil M, Wilson T, Juskaitis R, A wavefront generator
for complex pupil function synthesis and point spread function
engineering, J Microsc,
197(2000)219-223.
7. Boruah B R, Dynamic manipulation of a laser beam using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, Am J Phys, 77(2009)331-336.
8. Dudley A, Majola N, Chetty N, Forbes A, Implementing digital holograms to create and measure complex-plane optical fields, Am J Phys, 84(2016)106-112.
9. Gossman D, Perez-Garcia B, Hernandez-Aranda R I, Forbes A, Optical interference with digital holograms, Am J Phys, 84(2016)508-516.
10. Forbes A, Dudley A, McLaren M, Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators, Adv Opt Photonics, 8(2016)200-227.
11. Cofre A, Garcia-Martinez P, Vargas A, Moreno I, Vortex beam generation and other advanced optics experiments reproduced with a twisted-nematic liquid-
crystal display with limited phase modulation, Eur J Phys, 38(2017)014005; doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/38/1/014005.
12. Tsai T.-H, Yuan X, Brady D J, Spatial light modulator based color polarization imaging, Opt express, 23(2015)11912 -11926.
13.
Guo K, Bian Z, Dong S, Nanda P, Wang Y M, Zheng G, Microscopy
illumination engineering using a low-cost liquid crystal display,
Biomed Opt express,
6(2015)574-579.
14.
Bhebhe N, Williams P A, Rosales-Guzman C, Rodriguez-Fajardo V,
Forbes A, A vector holographic optical trap, Sci Rep,
8(2018)17387; doi:
10.1038/s41598-018-35889-0.
15.
Gupta D K, Tata B, Ravindran T, Optimization of a spatial light
modulator driven by digital video interface graphics to generate
holographic optical traps,
Appl Opt, 57(2018)8374-8384.
16. Li S, Ding L, Du P, Lu Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yan X, Using the spatial light modulator as a binary optical element: application to spatial beam shaping for high-
power lasers, Appl Opt, 57(2018)7060-7064.
17. Parry J P, Beck R J, Shephard J D, Hand D P, Application of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator to laser marking, Appl Opt, 50(2011)1779-1785.
18. Goodman J W, Introduction to Fourier optics, (Roberts and Company Publishers), 2005.
19. Noll R J, Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence, J Opt Soc Am, 66(1976)207-211.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
© ANITA PUBLICATIONS
All rights reserved
Designed & Maintained by
Manoj
Kumar